EdibleEdible InsectsInsects inin ChinaChina Xiaoming CHEN Professor and PhD Research Institute of Resource Insects （ RIRI ） Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF) . History . Common species . Nutrition analysis . Cooking ways . Utilization 1.History1.History ofof edibleedible insectsinsects inin ChinaChina . MoreMore thanthan 3000yrs3000yrs historyhistory ofof edibleedible insectsinsects inin ChinaChina ((Y.Zhou,1981,S.W.Zhou.1982,History of entomology of China ）） . In China ancient, edible insect as cate to respect gust. Some edible insects are both food and medicine . Even today, edible insect is popular in restaurant. By historian By entomologist 2.2. CommonCommon speciesspecies ofof edibleedible insectsinsects inin ChinaChina therethere areare 177species177species thatthat areare fromfrom 9696 genera,54genera,54 families,families, 1111 ordersorders recordedrecorded inin TheThe EdibleEdible InsectsInsects ofof ChinaChina （（ ChenChen && Feng,1999Feng,1999)) .. (1)(1) EphemeridaEphemerida . ThereThere areare 3-43-4 speciesspecies asas food.food. CommonCommon speciesspecies isis EphemerellaEphemerella jianghongensisjianghongensis.. TheThe nutritiousnutritious elementselements ofof EE..jianghongensisjianghongensis havehave beenbeen analyzed.analyzed. Adult nymph nymph (2)(2) OdonataOdonata . 66 toto 77 speciesspecies dragonflydragonfly larvaelarvae areare recordedrecorded asas food.food. TheThe nutritiousnutritious elementselements ofof 33 speciesspecies havehave beenbeen analyzed.analyzed. Dragonfly (3)(3) IsopteraIsoptera . 1616 speciesspecies fromfrom 33 genusgenus andand 22 familiesfamilies areare recordedrecorded asas food.food. TheThe nutritiousnutritious elementselements ofof 33 speciesspecies havehave beenbeen analyzed.analyzed. termite OrthopteraOrthoptera . 99 speciesspecies fromfrom 88 genusgenus andand 33 familiesfamilies areare recordedrecorded asas food.food. locustlocust andand cricketcricket areare commoncommon edibleedible insects.insects. TheThe nutritiousnutritious elementselements ofof 22 speciesspecies havehave beenbeen analyzed.analyzed. cricketcricket LocustLocust Patanga succincta Gryllotalpa orientalis Oxya chinensis HomopteraHomoptera . 77 speciesspecies fromfrom 77 GenusGenus andand 55 FamiliesFamilies areare recorded.recorded. CommonCommon edibleedible insectinsect speciesspecies isis CCrytotympanarytotympana atrataatrata,, . TheThe nutritiousnutritious elementselements ofof 44 speciesspecies havehave beenbeen analyzed.analyzed. cicada insect egg ( Ericerus pela ) Insect eggs capsule HemipteraHemiptera . 7species7species fromfrom 66 GenusGenus andand 33 FamiliesFamilies areare recorded.recorded. CommonCommon speciesspecies areare stinkbugs: TessaratomaTessaratoma papillosapapillosa,, EurostusEurostus validusvalidus.. TheThe nutritiousnutritious elementselements ofof 44 speciesspecies havehave beenbeen analyzed.analyzed. stinkbug ColeopteraColeoptera . 3030 speciesspecies fromfrom 2525 genusgenus andand 1111 familiesfamilies areare recorded.recorded. CommonCommon speciesspecies :: StromatiumStromatium longiconelongicone,,SphenopteraSphenoptera kozlovikozlovi,, TomcusTomcus piniperdapiniperda,, OryctesOryctes rthinocerosrthinoceros,, . TheThe nutritiousnutritious elementselements ofof 1313 speciesspecies havehave beenbeen analyzed.analyzed. diving beetle Larvae of chafer MegalopteraMegaloptera . ThereThere isis onlyonly AcanthacorydalisAcanthacorydalis orientalisorientalis beingbeing recordedrecorded asas food.food. TheThe nutritiousnutritious elementselements ofof A.A. orientalisorientalis havehave beenbeen analyzed.analyzed. Adult Acanthacorydalis orientalis nymph LepidopteraLepidoptera . 7070 speciesspecies fromfrom 2525 genusgenus andand 1616 familiesfamilies havehave beenbeen recorded.recorded. LarvaeLarvae && pupaepupae asas foodfood . FamousFamous edibleedible insects,insects, suchsuch asas ChineseChinese caterpillarcaterpillar fungus,fungus, insectinsect tea,tea, bamboobamboo insect,insect, silkwormsilkworm andand soso on.on. TheThe nutritiousnutritious elementselements ofof 1414 speciesspecies havehave beenbeen analyzed.analyzed. Bamboo insect Silkworm pupae Chinese caterpillar fungus DipteraDiptera . ThereThere areare 22 speciesspecies fromfrom 22 genusgenus andand 22 familiesfamilies beingbeing recorded.recorded. TheThe larvalarva ofof houseflyhousefly ((MuscaMusca domesticadomestica)) isis commoncommon edibleedible insect.insect. AcanthacorydalisAcanthacorydalis orientalis.orientalis. TheThe nutritiousnutritious elementselements ofof M.M. domesticadomestica havehave beenbeen analyzed.analyzed. LarvaeLarvae areare traditionallytraditionally usedused toto makemake cake.cake. HymenopteraHymenoptera . 3232 speciesspecies fromfrom 99 genusgenus andand 44 familiesfamilies havehave beenbeen recorded,recorded, . CommonCommon speciesspecies areare bees,bees, antsants andand wasps.wasps. TheThe nutritiousnutritious elementselements ofof 2200 speciesspecies havehave beenbeen analyzed.analyzed. Carebara lignata egg Vespa sp. honeycomb honeycomb Edible insect in market 3.3. NutritiveNutritive valuevalue ofof edibleedible insectsinsects ProteinProtein andand aminoamino acidsacids FatFat andand fattyfatty acidsacids CarbohydrateCarbohydrate InorganicInorganic saltssalts andand tracetrace elementselements VitaminsVitamins (1)(1) ProteinProtein :: averageaverage contentcontent isis higherhigher thanthan 40%(40%( 20-70%)20-70%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Odonata Diptera HomopteraHemiptera Orthoptera Coleoptera MagalopteraLepidoptera Hymenoptera Ephemeroptera The protein content of edible insects in 10 orders ( % ) (2)(2) AminoAmino acidsacids AminoAmino acids:acids: 30-65%30-65% NecessaryNecessary aminoamino acids:acids: 10-30%10-30% 70 60 50 Amino acids 40 30 20 Necessary amino acids 10 0 Odonata Isoptera HomopteraHemiptera Orthoptera Coleoptera MagalopteraLepidopteraHymenoptera Ephemeroptera The amino acids amount of edible insects in 10 orders % (3)(3) FatFat contentcontent :: 10-50%10-50% ,, higherhigher inin larvaelarvae andand pupaepupae ,, lowlow inin adultsadults 60 50 40 high 30 low 20 average 10 0 Odonata Diptera HomopteraHemiptera Orthoptera Coleoptera Lepidoptera Hymenoptera The fat content of edible insects in 8 orders ( %) (4) Carbohydrate ContentContent :: 1-16%1-16% 18 16 14 12 10 high 8 low 6 4 average 2 0 Odonata Diptera HomopteraHemiptera Orthoptera Coleoptera Lepidoptera Hymenoptera The carbohydrate content of edible insects in some orders % InorganicInorganic saltssalts andand tracetrace elementselements moremore thanthan 3030 speciesspecies ofof insectinsect havehave donedone nutritiousnutritious analysis.analysis. richrich potassiumpotassium (K),(K), sodiumsodium (Na),(Na), calciumcalcium (Ca),(Ca), coppercopper (Cu),(Cu), ironiron (Fe),(Fe), zinczinc (Zn),(Zn), ManganeseManganese (Mn),(Mn), phosphorusphosphorus (P),(P), highhigh inin calcium,calcium, zinczinc andand iron.iron. EdibleEdible insectsinsects cancan supplysupply necessarynecessary nutritivenutritive elementselements forfor human.human. The trance elements amount of some edible insects mg/kg 种类 K Na Ca Ma Cu Zn Fe Mn P 角突箭蜓 Gomphus cuneatus Needham 2 620 590 4 180 880 64.3 124.8 728.9 74.8 1 470 2 930 2 020 2 160 970 64.8 147.7 1 198.0 58.9 2 470 舟尾丝 Lestes paraemorsa Selys 红蜻 Crocothemis servilia Drury 3 330 2 310 1 510 950 50.6 103.8 461.6 27.2 1 420 云管尾角蝉 Darthula hardwicki(Gray) 2 120 610 280 4 500 56.9 544.3 100 13.6 白蜡虫 Ericerus pela Chavanness eggs 6 300 8 9.51 353.7 1 200 23.6 164.2 133.1 26.74 6 000 小皱蝽 Cyclopelta parva Didtant 4 720 1 680 480 1 530 2.4 155.8 119.7 19.9 8 200 暗绿巨蝽 Eusthenes saevus Stal 610 780 280 260 45.4 78.0 98.3 16.3 1 520 长足大竹象 Cyrtotrachelus bugueti Guer 2 620 650 270 1 050 38.4 306.1 64.7 21.0 5 190 长足牡竹象 C. Longimanus Fabricius 1 740 510 390 480 22.9 127.1 66.3 25.9 2 920 华北大黑鳃金龟 Holotrichia oblita 1 397.22 455.78 18.86 101.33 46.50 (Faldermann) 313.71 铜绿丽金龟 Anomala corpulenta 2 434.94 297.04 26.82 84.51 61.61 Motschulsky 299.52 凸星花金龟 Protaetia aerata (Erichson) 187.47 303.65 35.56 97.48 338.54 20.03 桃红颈天牛 Aromia bungii Faldermann 131.56 220.54 23.97 98.76 102.50 15.47 黄斑星天牛 Anoplophora nobilis 133.56 105.20 10.42 95.42 105.33 9.56 Ganglbauer 粒肩天牛 Apriona germari (Hope) 150.68 254.36 25.46 102.34 96.56 20.47 麦蛾蛉虫 Pectinophora Gossypeilla 113.40 163.21 33.40 87.01 36.78 0 (Saunders) 米蛾 Corcyra cephalonica Staint 148.66 156.81 17.13 78.29 264.81 6.87 亚洲玉米螟 Ostrinia furnacalis 140.53 184.06 14.84 91.78 70.26 4.56 (Gunnee) 金凤蝶 Papilio machaon Linnaeus 1 250 90.5 384 279 1.5 3.5 18.0 0.9 457 竹虫 Chilo fuscidentalis Hampson 2 620 740 880 1 060 11.1 109 57.1 41.8 1 690 13 柞蚕 Antheraea pernyi Guerin-Meneville 620 790 3 800 19.01 141.8 0.01 8.73 690 390 15 17 家蝇 Musca domestica Linnaeus 2 700 1 200 12 300 59 570 520 406 600 900 104.3 双齿多刺蚁 Polyrhachis dives Smith 613.34 172.36 32.66 155.42 378.36 5 female adults Male adults 585.28 163.78 27.08 148.83 391.56 101.8 The vitamin amount of edible insects in certain orders The pupa of Dendrolimus The larva of Tenebrio punctatus wenshanensis molitor 0.52 (mg /100g ) (mg /kg ) 0.6 0.44 10000 9810 0.4 5000 0.2 0.065 0.41 18.7 94.5 0 25.6 82.5 0 VA VB1 VB2 VC VB12 VB VD VE VE The larva of Clanis bilineata The larva of Apis cerana (mg /100g ) 40 singtauica (mg /kg ) 18.8 30.65 20 30 25.6 15 20 14.12 10 9.8 3.4 10 5.2 5 2.5 0.083 0.2 0.49 0 0 VA VB1 VB2 VC VE VB1 VB2 VB12 VE VC VB3 CookingCooking waysways . Fry,Fry, fryfry afterafter stewingstewing . braising,braising, stewing,,stewing,, . boilboil ,, steaming,steaming, . roastingroasting IndustrializationIndustrialization