INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION AND ADMINISTRATION Subject code : 18BPA36S Prepared By : DR. P.MAGUDAPATHY Asst.professor Department : PG & Research Department of Public Administration Contact No. : 9994672379 The content is prepared according to the text book and reference book given in the syllabus. Year Subject Title Sub Code Sem. 2018 -19 Skill Based Subject – I: International III 18BPA36S Onwards Organization and Administration UNIT– I: INTRODUCTION Meaning Nature Scope of International Organization-First World War and League of Nation -II World War and Emergence of UNO. UNIT – II: ORGANS AND SPECIALIZED AGENCIES OF UN General Assembly – Secretariat – The Economic and Social Council – The Trusteeship Council – International court of Justice –UNESCO – UNICEF – FAO – IAFA, UNDP. International Agencies Related To Trade. UNIT – III: INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES RELATED TO WELFARE UNCTAD - IMF – IBRD (World Bank) – WTO. UNIT – IV: ILO –WHO- UNHRC –Amnesty International – International Red Cross SOCIETY. UNIT – V REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS NATO - NAM - EU -SAARC – ASEAN –BRICS Reference Books 1. Daniel.SShever& H.FieldHavilandJr – Organising for Peace, - International Organisation in World Affairs. 2. Stephen, Good Speed – The Nature and Functions of International Organisation. 3. Paul Taylor – International Organisation in the Modern World. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION Degree: II B.A. Semester: III Subject Code: 18BPA36S UNIT – I INTRODUCTION MEANING: An international organization can be defined as 'an institutional agreement between members of an international system in order to achieve objectives according to systemic conditions, reflecting attributes, aspirations and concerns of its members'. International organizations generally have States as members, but often other entities can also apply for membership. They both make international law and are governed by it. Yet, the decision-making process of international organizations is often 'less a question of law than one of political judgment'. An international organization has been defined as a forum of cooperation of sovereign states based on multilateral international organizations and comprising of a relatively stable range of participants and the fundamental features of which is the existence of permanent organs with definite competences and powers for the carrying out of common aims. The first and oldest international organization—being established employing a treaty, and creating a permanent secretariat—is the Central Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine (founded in 1815). The first general international organization— addressing a variety of issues—was the League of Nations. The United Nations followed this model after World War II. The role of international organizations is helping to set the international agenda, mediating political bargaining, providing a place for political initiatives and acting as catalysts for the coalition- formation. They facilitate cooperation and coordination among member nations. In addition, they promote global initiatives aimed at reducing inequality like the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 10. • Pitman B. Potter “the aggregate of procedure and organs for expressing the unification of nations”. • Daniel S. Cheever and H. Field Haviland “any cooperative arrangement instituted among states, usually by a basic agreement, to perform some mutually advantageous functions implemented through periodic meetings and staff activities”. • Jacob and Atherton “they have governmental function to perform, but they do not have the powers normally assumed by government”. • Wojeiech Morawiecki “a forum of cooperation of sovereign states, based on multilateral agreement and comprising of a relatively stable range of participants organs with definite competences and powers acting for the carrying out of common aims”. • S.J.R. Bilgrami “exists as an established trends ”. NATURE: International organization as formal institutional structures transcending national boundaries which are created by multilateral agreement among nation states. Their nature is to foster international cooperation in areas such as security, law, economic and. social matters, and diplomacy. Its origin is based on multilateral international agreement. The institution has a personality of its own, which is distinct from that of its individual members. It has permanent organs which carry out common aims. It is widely believed that international organizations should be responsible for the maintenance of international peace and stability, be this economic, social or political, and that they should act in the interest of the international community. Organizations which are independent of government involvement are known as non-governmental organizations or non-government organizations, with NGO as an acronym. NGOs are a subgroup of organizations founded by citizens, which include clubs and associations that provide services to their members and others. NGOs are usually nonprofit organizations, and many of them are active in humanitarianism or the social sciences. Surveys indicate that NGOs have a high degree of public trust, which can make them a useful proxy for the concerns of society and stakeholders There are two principal type of international organisation: one the Inter- Governmental Organisation (IGO) or the ‘public’ variety whose members state and two, International Non- Governmental Organisation (INGO) or the ‘private’ variety whose member are private individuals and groups. In 1997-98 there were around 350 IGOs and over 5000 INGOs which followed the conventional criteria governing such organisation. There are some features common to both. Membership is voluntary. The organisations meet at more or less regular intervals; they have specified procedures for arriving at decisions; they usually have a permanent secretariat or headquarters staff though as Oran R. Young points out, not even IGOs enjoy “direct access to many of the material resource normally available to states”. An international institution has a personality of its own as distinct from its individual members. As compared to the will of its members the organisation is expected to exhibited autonomy of will. More than 95 percent of trans- national organisation at present are non-governmental. However the remaining four-five percent are more important by the fact of their members being states. The most prominent of IGOs is the United Nation, while two well-known NGOs are the International Red Cross and Amnesty International. The INGOs also differ widely from one another. Their number and diversity renders it even more difficult to characterise and classify them. In 1997 the Union of International Association categories 10 percent of some 5000 INGOs as universal membership organisation. The remaining 90 percent were inter-continental or regional in their membership. Functionally, the INGOs cover a vast variety of fields, in fact every area of modern political, social and economic activity in an increasingly borderless globalised world; their areas of work range from environment to health care and theology, ethics, human rights,security and law. No single principle can thus be brought in use to classify international organisation beyond the broad categorisation into governmental and non- governmental. Function overlap, and membership overlap (states and individual are member of more than one organisation). SCOPE: We should mention the following characteristic features of international organizations: they are in permanent cooperation with the states, based on their association; they are established in accordance with international law and based on international treaties; achieving cooperation in specific fields. There are two types of international organizations, first is the international governmental organizations (IGOs) and international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs). In recent years, multinational corporations (MNCs) have also had a significant impact on the international system. The first and oldest international organization—being established employing a treaty, and creating a permanent secretariat—is the Central Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine (founded in 1815). The first general international organization—addressing a variety of issues—was the League of Nations. The United Nations followed this model after World War II. If there is conflit there is generally an attempt to resolve it as well. If two parties to conflict are unable to an amicable solution, it is not unusual for third party to adujudicate. There are negotiation, conferences and finally treaties for settlement of disputes. Self – interest also leads human beings and nations towards cooperation, and again convention and treaties are formulated to govern that cooperation. As mentioned earlier, such negotiation, diplomatic mission and treaties are not new: inter-state relation of some sort existed in many parts of the world even in the ancient past; there were contacts between China, India, Mesopotamia and Egypt. FIRST WORLD WAR: World War I was fought between the Allied Powers and the Central Powers. The main members of the Allied Powers were France, Russia, and Britain. The United Stated also fought on the side of the Allies after 1917. The main members of the Central Powers were Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria. The majority of the fighting took plan in Europe along two fronts: the western front and the eastern front. The western front was a long line of trenches that ran from coast of Belgium