1 Preface Love of flower is a noble trait peculiar to man. Flower brings fragrance, emotion and beauty to people. That is why they love it, and hope to live beautifully and pure-heartedly like it. At the same time, they express their wish and desire, happiness and hope by means of it, and want to bring their life into full bloom, picturing themselves in it. Kimilsungia, which was named by Sukarno, the first President of the Republic of Indonesia, reflecting the desire of the progressive people of the world, is loved by mankind not only because it is beautiful but also it is symbolic of the greatness of President Kim Il Sung. The editorial board issues Encyclopedia of Kimilsungia in reflection of the unanimous will of the Korean people and the world’s progressive people who are desirous to bloom Kimilsungia more beautifully and propagate it more widely on the occasion of the centenary of the birth of President Kim Il Sung. The book introduces in detail how Kimilsungia came into being in the world, its propagation, Kimilsungia festivals and exhibitions held in Korea and foreign countries every year, events held on the occasion of the anniversary of the naming of the flower, and its biological features and cultivating techniques the Korean botanists and growers have studied and perfected. And edited in the book are the typical literary works depicting Kimilsungia and some of gift plants presented to President Kim Il Sung by foreign countries. In addition, common knowledge of flower is compiled. The editorial board hopes this book will be a help to the flower lovers and people of other countries of the world who are eager to know and grow Kimilsungia. Editorial Board 2 Contents Contents Part I. Birth of Kimilsungia Chapter 1. Birth of Kimilsungia in the World of Flowers······························ 10 Section 1. Voice of Praise of the Great Man························································ 10 Section 2. Cherishing the Desire of the Progressive People································· 14 Section 3. How Kimilsungia Came to Korea······················································· 18 Chapter 2. Kimilsungia Blooms All over the World ······································· 22 Section 1. Enthusiasm in Cultivating Kimilsungia ·············································· 22 Section 2. Dissemination of Kimilsungia and Its Festival ··································· 28 Part II. Biology of Kimilsungia Chapter 1. Breeding of Kimilsungia·································································· 54 Section 1. Introduction of the Orchidaceae·························································· 54 1. Classification and Distribution········································································· 54 2. Characteristic Ecological Adaption·································································· 57 3. Hybridization·································································································· 61 4. History of Orchid Cultivation ·········································································· 62 Section 2. Characteristics of the Original Species Used for the Breeding of Kimilsungia and Ecological Environment of Their Original Habitats············ 63 1. Characteristics of the Original Species····························································· 63 2. Ecological Environment of the Habitats of the Original Species························ 67 Section 3. Course of Breeding of Kimilsungia and Its Registration····················· 70 1. Course of Breeding of Kimilsungia·································································· 70 2. Registration System of Orchid Hybrids and Registration of Kimilsungia··········· 74 Chapter 2. Morphology and Structure of Kimilsungia··································· 77 Section 1. Root ···································································································· 77 1. Shape·············································································································· 77 2. Anatomical Structure ······················································································ 79 Section 2. Stem···································································································· 83 1. Shape·············································································································· 83 2. Anatomical Structure ······················································································ 85 Contents 3 Section 3. Leaf ···································································································· 87 1. Shape·············································································································· 87 2. Anatomical Structure ······················································································ 88 Section 4. Flower································································································· 91 1. Shape and Structure of Flower········································································· 91 2. Anatomical Structure of Petal and Sepal ·························································· 93 3. Shape and Structure of Column ······································································· 96 4. Flower Formula and Diagram·········································································101 Section 5. Fruit and Seed····················································································102 1. Fruit ··············································································································102 2. Seed ··············································································································103 Chapter 3. Growth of Kimilsungia···································································104 Section 1. Seed Germinating ··············································································104 Section 2. Formation of Organs··········································································105 1. Differentiation of Organs from the Seed ·························································105 2. Differentiation of Organ from Protocorm Like Body (PLB)·····························107 3. Formation of New Stem and Peduncle from the Lateral Bud····························108 Section 3. Development Period ··········································································109 Section 4. Blooming and Formation of Seed and Fruit·······································112 1. Differentiation and Growth of Floral Bud ·······················································112 2. Effect of Environment on Blooming ·······························································117 3. Bearing of seed and fruit ················································································121 Chapter 4. Features of Photosynthesis of Kimilsungia and Its Light Requirement ····················································································124 Section 1. Daily Change in the Rate of Absorption of CO2 by the Leaf, Content of Organic Acid and Resistance of Stoma·············································124 Section 2. Relation between the Content of Organic Acid in the Leaf and the Internal and External Factors····························································125 1. Position of Leaf and Accumulation of Organic Acid········································126 2. Night Temperature and Accumulation of Organic Acid ···································126 3. Length of Night and Accumulation of Organic Acid········································127 4. Light Intensity and Consumption Rate of Organic Acid ······································127 5. Day Temperature and Consumption Rate of Organic Acid·······························128 Section 3. Relation between the Formation of Shape and the Light Intensity·····129 4 Contents 1. Shapes of Stem and Leaf According to the Intensity of Sunlight ······················129 2. Content of Pigment in the Leaf and Its Structural Change According to the Intensity of Sunlight·····························································129 3. Number of Flowers Forming According to the Intensity of Sunlight ················130 Chapter 5. Temperature Requirement of Kimilsungia··································131 Section 1. Temperature Requirement by the Stages of Development ·················131 Section 2. Thermoperiodicity ·············································································133 Section 3. Resistance to Unfavorable Temperature ············································· 133 1. Resistance to Low Temperature······································································134 2. Resistance to High Temperature ·····································································134 Chapter 6. Requirement of Kimilsungia for Nutritive Elements ·················136 Section 1. Optimum Salt Concentration ·····························································136 Section 2. Effect of the Individual Nutritive Elements on the Growth and Development·············································································137 1. Nutritive Elements Whose Lack Brings About the Most Serious Symptoms ····· 137 2. Content of the Nutritive Elements of the Plant and the Level of Their Natural Supply ·········································································· 138 Section 3. Characteristics of the Absorption of Nitrogen,