33SPAC E and DEFENSE Volume Eleven Number One Spring 2019 China’s Military Space Strategy Sam Rouleau Volume Five Number One Communicating Cyber Consequences Sum Timothy Goines mer 2011 Why Brazil Ventured a Nuclear Program Saint-Clair Lima da Silva Arms Control & Deterrence Coalitions in Space:Damon Coletta Where Networks are CadetPower Voice—Curious Trinity: War, Media, Public Opinion byLaura James Olson Clay Moltz The 2010 National Space Policy: Down to Earth? by Joan Johnson-Freese Space & Defense Journal of the United States Air Force Academy Eisenhower Center for Space and Defense Studies Publisher Col. Kris Bauman, [email protected] Director, Eisenhower Center for Space and Defense Studies Editors Dr. Damon Coletta Dr. Michelle Black U.S. Air Force Academy, USA University of Nebraska, Omaha Associate Editors Mr. Deron Jackson Dr. Peter Hays U.S. Air Force Academy, USA George Washington University, USA Dr. Schuyler Foerster Ms. Jonty Kasku-Jackson U.S. Air Force Academy, USA National Security Space Institute, USA Thank You to Our Reviewers Andrew Aldrin Christopher Dunlap United Launch Alliance, USA Naval Postgraduate School, USA James Armor Paul Eckart ATK, USA Boeing, USA William Barry Andrew Erickson NASA Headquarters, USA Naval War College, USA Daniel Blinder Joanne Gabrynowicz UNSAM-CONICET, Argentina University of Mississippi, USA Robert Callahan Jason Healey NORAD-NORTHCOM, USA Atlantic Council, USA James Cameron Stephen Herzog Fundação Getúlio Vargas, Brazil Yale University, USA Robert Carriedo Theresa Hitchens U.S. Air Force Academy, USA United Nations, Switzerland Dean Cheng Wade Huntley Heritage Foundation, USA Independent Researcher, USA Christopher Culver Ram Jakhu U.S Air Force Academy, USA McGill University, Canada, USA Frans von der Dunk Dana Johnson University of Nebraska, USA Department of State, USA Jaclyn Kerr Chiara Ruffa Lawrence Livermore, CGSR, USA Swedish Defence University Roger Launius Victoria Samson National Air and Space Museum Secure World Foundation, USA Charlotte Lee Jaganath Sankaran Berkeley City College, USA Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA John Logsdon Matthew Schaefer George Washington University, USA University of Nebraska, Lincoln, USA Laura Delgado Lopez Benjamin Shearn Secure World Foundation, USA George Mason University, USA Adam Lowther Rouven Steeves SANDS, Kirtland AFB, USA U.S. Air Force Academy, USA Agnieszka Lukaszczyk Dimitrios Stroikos Secure World Foundation, Belgium London School of Economics, United Kingdom Molly Macauley Brent Talbot Resources for the Future, USA U.S. Air Force Academy, USA Torey McMurdo Susan Trepczynski Yale U. / U.S. Naval War College, USA United States Air Force Clay Moltz Scott Trimboli Naval Postgraduate School, USA University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, USA Scott Pace James Vedda George Washington University, USA Aerospace Corporation, USA Xavier Pasco Rick Walker Foundation for Strategic Research, France Digital Consulting Services, USA Elliot Pulham Annalisa Weigel Space Foundation, USA Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA Wolfgang Rathbeger David Whalen European Space Policy Institute, Austria University of North Dakota, USA Andrew Reddie George Whitesides University of California, Berkeley, USA NASA Headquarters, USA John Riley Ray Williamson U.S. Air Force Academy, USA Secure Word Foundation, USA *This is the authoritative Eisenhower Center for Space and Defense Studies/U.S. Air Force Academy edition of Space & Defense. Space & Defense should be acknowledged whenever material is quoted from or based on its content. The opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within are those of the contributors and, unless otherwise specified, do not reflect official views of the U.S. Government or the U.S. Air Force Academy. Space & Defense is available at https://www.usafa.edu/research/research-centers/eisenhower-center-space-defense-studies/ and indexed by ©EBSCOhost. United States Library of Congress, ISSN 2380-131X. Editor, Space & Defense Dept. of Political Science 2354 Fairchild Dr., Suite 6L-116 USAF Academy, CO 80840 Space & Defense Journal of the United States Air Force Academy Eisenhower Center for Space and Defense Studies Volume Eleven ▪ Number One ▪ Spring 2019 Editor’s Note Damon Coletta Articles China’s Military Space Strategy: A Dialectical Materialism Perspective 03 Sam Rouleau Communicating Cyber Consequences 23 Timothy Goines Building Beyond Samba and Soccer: Why Brazil Ventured a Nuclear Program 43 Saint-Clair Lima da Silva Arms Control and Deterrence in the Age of Cross-Domain Coercion 60 Damon Coletta Essays Cadet Voice—A Curious Trinity: War, Media, and Public Opinion 78 Laura Olson Editor’s Note annual tabletop exercise and workshop in March This issue of Space & Defense enriches 2018. This issue’s third feature article, by Saint- our collaboration with USSTRATCOM’s Clair Lima da Silva, Col, Brazil Air Force (AFB), Deterrence & Assurance Academic Alliance presents comparative research, again in a (https://www.stratcom.mil/Academic-Alliance/). political-economy context, investigating how state DAAA cultivates a network of leading inculcated ideas of sovereign autonomy provide universities with faculty and students interested in an unconventional yet superior explanation to that contributing analysis and solutions to problems of of regional power rivalry when analyzing drivers deterrence in the 21st century. Given the USAFA for Brazil’s nuclear program during the 1970- Eisenhower Center’s heritage exploring space 1980s. politics and policy, we found extraordinarily productive overlap between the editorial ambition Finally, we are pleased to feature the return of our of this Eisenhower Center journal and DAAA’s “Student Voice” section, also aligned with DAAA mission. To enable future joint efforts, prior to goals. Laura Olson, 2d Lt, USAF (USAFA ’17) publication, we welcomed Dr. Michelle Black, won the Political Science honor society Pi Sigma former USSTRATCOM civilian, cofounder of the Alpha’s Best Undergraduate Class Paper Award Academic Alliance, and current assistant in June 2017. Her study, part of her capstone professor of Political Science at the University of experience at the U.S. Air Force Academy, Nebraska, Omaha, to our editorial board. synthesized public opinion data and media content analysis to demonstrate significant gaps in Our lead article this issue, “China’s Military correlation between media framing and American Space Strategy,” by Sam Rouleau, 2Lt, USAF, support for post-Cold War uses of force in applies concepts from political-economy to glean Kosovo (1999) and Syria (2012-2016). In 2Lt insights on the roots and future direction of China Olson’s case, as is true for all our authors, space. The field of political-economy is routinely contributions herein are academic and do not concerned with the role of ideas in shaping represent official policy or opinion of the U.S. Air material incentives for state actors. Rouleau Force. analyzes the Marxist dialectic from Chinese Communist Party ideology and traces how such Consistent with President Eisenhower’s legacy of an important belief system within the Chinese critical thinking on space and national security, leadership ought to affect investment in space and lining up with deterrence and assurance capabilities. Rouleau’s article is straight from our research priorities of the STRATCOM Academic customary mold at Space & Defense. It also Alliance, we ask new faculty and student voices to touches upon academic interests at STRATCOM speak up as they tackle thorny problems. Our in cross-domain deterrence. type of defense challenge often affects multiple actors while weaving together political and Subsequent articles in this issue address questions economic as well as military dimensions of power of interest to DAAA that travel beyond the at the frontiers of defense policy. technical confines of space policy to include cyber and nuclear decisions. Two of the articles, by Timothy Goines, Maj., USAF and myself, on Damon Coletta cyber and cross-domain deterrence, respectively, USAFA were in fact presented at the Academic Alliance’s February 2019 Article China’s Military Space Strategy: A Dialectical Materialism Perspective Sam Rouleau China’s military space strategy accommodates in significant ways the Chinese Communist Party’s (CCP’s) ideological commitment to dialectical materialism. This Marxian commitment persists and manifests in China’s investment in space power despite the Party’s widely acknowledged development of state capitalism to guide China’s economy. surpassing the U.S. and holding forty percent of global GDP by 2040.3 The economic CHINA’S MILITARY SPACE success of the People’s Republic of China STRATEGY (PRC) will allow for commitment and progress in the pursuit of advanced space The trajectory of humankind changed technology. on 4 October 1957 when the Soviet Union launched Sputnik, becoming the first nation to China has identified space as integral to 1 successfully enter the space domain. Since achieving national prosperity and security. 1957, space technology has developed More specifically, Liu Yanjun, Wan Shuixian, rapidly, as we have continued to push the Li Daguang, and Guo Tong from the National st boundaries of space exploration. In the 21 Defense University write in their work, On century, space technology forms the Space Dominance, that space holds the key to foundation for modern communication, political, economic, and military security.4 navigation, and warfighting capability. Space capability can