“The Abhorred Name of Turk”: Muslims and the Politics of Identity in Seventeenth- Century English Broadside Ballads A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Katie Sue Sisneros IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Dr. Nabil Matar, adviser November 2016 Copyright 2016 by Katie Sue Sisneros Acknowledgments Dissertation writing would be an overwhelmingly isolating process without a veritable army of support (at least, I felt like I needed an army). I’d like to acknowledge a few very important people, without whom I’d probably be crying in a corner, having only typed “My Dissertation” in bold in a word document and spending the subsequent six years fiddling with margins and font size. I’ve had an amazing committee behind me: John Watkins and Katherine Scheil braved countless emails and conversations, in varying levels of panic, and offered such kind, thoughtful, and eye-opening commentary on my work that I often wonder what I ever did to deserve their time and attention. And Giancarlo Casale’s expertise in Ottoman history has proven to be equal parts inspiring and intimidating. Also, a big thank you to Julia Schleck, under whom I worked during my Masters degree, whose work was the inspiration for my entry into Anglo-Muslim studies. The bulk of my dissertation work would have been impossible (this is not an exaggeration) without access to one of the most astounding digital archives I’ve ever seen. The English Broadside Ballad Archive, maintained by the Early Modern Center in the English Department at the University of California, Santa Barbara, has changed markedly over the course of the eight or so years I’ve been using it, and the tireless work of its director Patricia Fumerton and the whole EBBA team has made it as comprehensive and intuitive a collection as any scholar could ask for. I am indebted to their herculean efforts. A humble thanks is also in order to Angela McShane, whom I suspect may be more robot than human if the depth and quality of her ballad scholarship is any indication. i To my family. My sisters Shaye and Jessie, whose happiness and well-being is paramount to me, and who have inspired me to try constantly to be the best big sister I can be. They are the only two people on earth whom it is vitally important I can make laugh. Gare Bear Nabity offers steaks, whiskey, hugs, more steaks, and a smartassery that nearly rivals my own. His stoic, selfless, and unconditional support for my family deserves infinite accolades. My dads - of both the nature and nurture variety - Rick and Eppie, thanks to whom I have a big wonderful family from Kents to Sisneroses. My Aunt Sue and cousin Curt had as much as hand in raising me as any parent, and I believe it is largely Curt’s fault I am who I am today. And my mom Janet, the hardest working human that I know, who is as proud of me as I am of her. She is the source of my drive, my sense of justice, and a strength of will so strong some are inclined to call it just plain bull- headedness. I hope I continue to become a little bit more like her every day. My web of support, from Nebraska to Minnesota and beyond, is big and strange and totally indispensable. Amber and Emily, my always and forevers. Becky and Jay, who offered me a creative outlet with The Tangential and opened up doors of possibilities for me in the Twin Cities that I never thought possible. Sarah has been my emotional respite in (countless) times of need, and will always be crucial to my well-being, as it seems I frequently cannot function without her help. My brief but welcome proximity to Stephen McCullogh was fortuitous; he is among my dearest friends. Bomi Yoon may have taken his place in my house, but I happily made room for both of them in my heart. Mike, Michael, Stacey, Jeremy: graduate school companions in mirth and misery and all of whom I suspect are light-years smarter than me. A sincere thank-you to Chuck, Sean, ii Amy, Brenda, Adam, and the entire extension of my Trivia Mafia family, who taught me to use my noodle not my Google (unless it’s Google Scholar). My Totino’s family, in particular Kristin and Nicole, helped me turn a corner in my life and find a level of well- roundedness that is so easy to abandon to the rigors of academia. All my thanks to CB, HA, RH, the other CB, DS, EB, ZC (and our mutual workspace Carma) and MD (my sister in Anglophilia). Caitlin McHugh, my anchor, my other half, has been there since literally day one of my PhD and has thankfully stayed by my side ever since. My life would be 87% less joyous without her, and have 99% fewer dance parties in it. I hope when we’re old women who have lived storied lives we still make time to call each other up and yell about the seventeenth century. May our mirrors always be tall and our Jeffs always ripe. The Walsh family – Tom, Sandy, Michael, and Elizabeth – propriertors and caretakers of the Walsh Family Work Retreat, Café, Spa, and TV Binge Watching Emprium, have opened their hearts and home to me over the last four years. They’ve adopted me as their tallest, blondest child and have offered me such boundless love that I often forget we aren’t actually blood related. But that’s no matter. My adopted family has been integral in making Minnesota feel like home and I’d have to translate “thank you” into a thousand different languages before I felt I’d expressed it to them enough. I’ve saved my adviser, Nabil Matar, for last, but a paragraph at the end of an acknowledgements section feels woefully inadequate. I applied to the PhD program at the University of Minnesota in the hopes of working under his tutelage, but it turns out his was the most important friendship I’d find in Minneapolis. Other graduate students iii should be so lucky as to have an adviser like mine. The countless hours I’ve spent in his company over the better part of the last decade have inspired my scholarship beyond measure and he has truly made me feel not like a student, but a respected colleague. His work is the catalyst for all that I do. We are fatefully tied by the cosmos, our timelines crossing at May 29 1986, and I will spend the rest of my days working hard enough so as to never disappoint him (on the assumption he’ll eventually come to terms with my tattoo habit). I hope I’ve made him proud. iv Table of Contents List of Figures................................................................................................................... vi Introduction…………………………………………………………………………...… 1 Chapter One Turning Turk: John Ward and the Apostasy of Piracy………………….………..…..…. 34 Chapter Two “Mahomet’s Elizium:” Piracy, Captivity, and the Turk of the Caroline Period………………………………………………………….…...…...……... 98 Chapter Three “The Great Turke for Little Rome”: Anti-Catholicism and the Turk in the Interregnum……………………………..…………………………………. 155 Chapter Four Turks, Tories, and the 1683 Battle of Vienna…………………….……………………. 212 Conclusion The Coronation of James II, the Glorious Revolution, and the Antithesis Turk………. 259 Bibliography.................................................................................................................. 264 v List of Figures Fig. 1. Pg. 96. Woodcut from Newes from Argeir, of the proceedings of our Royall Fleete since their departure from England, and what happened betweene them, and the Turkish Callies upon Christmas day last. Imprinted at London by G. P., 1621. Magdalene College Pepys Ballads 1.94-95v, EBBA 20281. Fig. 2. Pg. 188. Woodcut from The Valiant Seamans Congratulation to his sacred Majesty King Charles the second. London: Printed for F. Grove living on Snow- Hill, 1660. University of Glasgow Library Euing 368, EBBA 31979. Fig. 3. Pg. 188. Woodcut from The Valiant Seamans Congratulation to his sacred Majesty King Charles the second. London: Printed for F. Grove living on Snow- Hill, 1660. University of Glasgow Library Euing 368, EBBA 31979. Fig. 4. Pg. 199. Woodcut from Pope, Walter. Room for a Ballad. OR, A Ballad for Rome. London: Printed for Benjamin Harris at the Stationers Armes in Swithins-Alley near the Royal Exchange, 1674. Huntington Library Bindley HEH 135849, EBBA 32606. Fig. 5. Pg. 240. Woodcut from A Description of VIENNA, in its Ancient and Present State, With an exact and compleat Account of the SIEGE thereof: Began by the Ottoman Emperour on the 16 of July 1683, and Continued until the [sic] of September following; at which time the Siege was Rais’d, and a Total Defeat given to the Turkish Army, by the Christians. London: Printed for Randolph Taylor, 1683. Fig. 6. Pg. 255. Woodcut from The Honour of a London Prentice. Wherein is declared his matchless Manhood, and brave Adventures, done by him in Turkey, and by what means he Married the Kings daughter of the same Country. London: Printed for W. Thackeray and T. Passinger, 1686-1688. Magdalene College Pepys Ballads 3.252, EBBA 21266, vi Introduction On October 10, 2008, Republican Presidential nominee John McCain gave a speech at a town hall meeting in Minnesota. During the speech, McCain urged his crowd to tone down their angry denunciations of Democratic candidate Barack Obama, then Illinois representative in the U.S. Senate, and was met with anger from the crowd, including shouts of “liar” and “terrorist.” During the following Q&A, an audience member was passed the microphone.