WORLD TRAFFIC IN DOPING SUBSTANCES by Alessandro Donati Note to the reader from the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA): This worldwide research study, performed by Allessandro Donati, assembles information and data that may be used as the basis for an estimate of the total volume of traffic of doping substances on a world scale. The report is indicative of the challenges facing the anti-doping movement—the lack of national laws in many countries and the failure to enforce existing laws in others, as well as the dearth of reliable information to accurately describe the problem and develop solutions. To WADA’s knowledge, this study is the only attempt at quantifying the problem and identifying trends on an international level by pulling together into one report the information available on the recent history of the international trafficking of doping substances. The picture painted by this ambitious study should sound the alarm to the international community, and particularly to those governments that have yet to commit to outlawing the manufacture, supply and possession of doping substances. The opinions expressed in this report are those of the author alone and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the WADA. The content and views have not been independently authenticated. No legal liability or other responsibility is accepted by or on behalf of WADA for any errors, omissions, or statements on these pages, or any site to which these pages connect. February 2007 Translated by Alessandra Lombardi 1. DOES EVERYONE KNOW WHAT DOPING IS?.......................................................................................................... 3 1.1 The different origins of doping............................................................................................................. 3 1.2 The various destinations of doping ..................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Relationships between these five destination streams...................................................................... 5 1.4 Bibliography........................................................................................................................................... 6 2. IS THERE A DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DOPING AND DRUG USE?................................................................................. 7 2.1 Do drug dealers distinguish between doping and drug use?............................................................ 8 2.2 Public authorities don’t seem to understand ...................................................................................... 9 2.3 Towards a better understanding of the doping issue........................................................................11 2.4 Bibliography..........................................................................................................................................12 3. THE US DEA HAD ALREADY UNDERSTOOD THIS MANY YEARS AGO......................................................................14 3.1 Nobody heard or wished to hear the US DEA’s cry of alarm ............................................................15 3.2 Bibliography..........................................................................................................................................18 4. THE QUEST FOR INFORMATION ON INTERNATIONAL TRAFFIC IN DOPING SUBSTANCES.............................................19 4.1 Organizing the information ..................................................................................................................24 4.2 Interpreting available information .......................................................................................................26 4.3 Bibliography..........................................................................................................................................28 5. TRAFFIC IN DOPING SUBSTANCES: RECENT HISTORY ...........................................................................................29 5.1 Role of the Italo-American Mafia in the 70s and 80s..........................................................................29 5.2 David Jenkins, the “good guy” from Edinburgh ................................................................................30 5.3 Professor Robert Kerr’s strange interviews.......................................................................................31 5.4 Dictators are also involved in the trafficking of doping substances................................................32 5.5 How pharmaceutical companies looked after starving children in the third world.........................33 5.6 Bibliography..........................................................................................................................................36 6. ROLE OF THE RUSSIAN CRIMINAL ORGANIZATIONS AND OTHER FORMER SOVIET COUNTRIES ..................................38 6.1 Bibliography..........................................................................................................................................43 7. DOPING THE ASIAN WAY...................................................................................................................................45 7.1 Thailand.................................................................................................................................................46 7.2 India .......................................................................................................................................................47 7.3 China......................................................................................................................................................49 7.4 Bibliography..........................................................................................................................................51 8. TRAFFICKING ON THE INTERNET ........................................................................................................................54 9. THE MILITARY, POLICE AUTHORITIES AND DOPING ...............................................................................................57 9.1 Bibliography..........................................................................................................................................63 10. DOPING AND ARAB GULF COUNTRIES .............................................................................................................69 10.1 Bibliography........................................................................................................................................72 11 WESTERN EUROPE’S ROLE..............................................................................................................................73 11.1 An important confiscation in Vienna.................................................................................................73 11.2 Serious concern in Great Britain and Germany ...............................................................................73 11.3 Belgium is found to be the crossroads of doping in Europe..........................................................74 11.4 A clandestine production plant is discovered in Great Britain.......................................................75 1 11.5 It is time to bring the fight against illegal addictive substances up to date ..................................75 11.6 A policy change in Spain ...................................................................................................................75 11.7 A second clandestine plant is discovered in Great Britain.............................................................76 11.8 A clandestine plant is discovered in Moscow..................................................................................76 11.9 Spain inflicts a heavy blow on traffic in doping substances ..........................................................77 11.10 Greece and the myth of Olympia.....................................................................................................78 11.11 France, Germany and Great Britain and the fight against traffic in doping substances ............79 11.12 Shadows and light of the Italian situation ......................................................................................80 11.13 The situation in Scandinavian countries ........................................................................................80 11.14 The obscure situation in the Netherlands.......................................................................................81 11.15 The situation in other Western European countries......................................................................81 11.16 Bibliography......................................................................................................................................82 12. THE PRESENT SITUATION IN THE USA..............................................................................................................84 12.1 Trafficking and counterfeit production of peptide hormones.........................................................84 12.2 Trafficking via internet .......................................................................................................................85 12.3 Bibliography........................................................................................................................................87 13. THE SCANDAL OF THE PHARMACEUTICAL MULTINATIONAL SERONO ...................................................................89