Deliverable D.1.11 COMMUNIA Final Report ECP‐2006‐PSI‐610001 COMMUNIA http://COMMUNIA‐project.eu/ Final Report Deliverable number/name Deliverable D1.11: Final Report Dissemination level Public Delivery date March 31, 2011 Status FINAL VERSION TO REVIEWERS Main Author Giancarlo F. Frosio This document incorporates the results of several months of discussions among COMMUNIA members. The main author and the project coordinator wish to thank everyone who contributed, and particularly Lucie Guibault, Paul Keller, Séverine Dusollier and Patrick Peiffer whose comments and analyzes have greatly enhanced this text. eContentplus This project is funded under the eContentplus prograMMe,1 a Multiannual CoMMunity prograMMe to Make digital content in Europe More accessible, usable and exploitable. 1 O.J. L 79 (March 24, 2005), at 1. 1 Deliverable D.1.11 COMMUNIA Final Report 2 Deliverable D.1.11 COMMUNIA Final Report CONTENTS CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 COMMUNIA FINAL REPORT .................................................................................................................................. 7 WHAT IS THE PUBLIC DOMAIN? ........................................................................................................................... 7 THE VALUE OF THE PUBLIC DOMAIN FOR EUROPE ................................................................................................. 11 PUBLIC DOMAIN CHALLENGES AND BOTTLENECKS ................................................................................................. 18 THE PUBLIC DOMAIN AND THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION STRATEGY ......................................................................... 29 COMMUNIA AND THE EUROPEAN PUBLIC DOMAIN PROJECT ................................................................................ 31 WHAT CAN EUROPE DO FOR THE PUBLIC DOMAIN? .............................................................................................. 34 ANNEX I ............................................................................................................................................................. 40 COMMUNIA PROJECT ........................................................................................................................................ 40 The COMMUNIA Project ............................................................................................................................. 40 The COMMUNIA Network ........................................................................................................................... 40 The COMMUNIA Working Groups ............................................................................................................... 41 The COMMUNIA Meetings and Events ....................................................................................................... 43 The Public Domain Manifesto ..................................................................................................................... 45 The Public Domain Day ............................................................................................................................... 46 The COMMUNIA Essence ............................................................................................................................ 46 ANNEX II ............................................................................................................................................................ 51 THE DIGITAL PUbLIC DOMAIN IN EUROPE ................................................................................................................ 51 Defining the Public Domain ......................................................................................................................... 51 In Search of an Affirmative Definition of the Public Domain .................................................................. 52 Public Domain, Commons, and Cultural Environmentalism ................................................................... 55 The European Public Domain Project and Manifestos ............................................................................ 61 The Value of the Public Domain .................................................................................................................. 65 The Sources of the Public Domain .......................................................................................................... 66 The Size of the Public Domain ................................................................................................................. 69 The Social and Economic Value of the Public Domain ............................................................................ 70 The Public Domain Effect in Action ......................................................................................................... 75 Public Domain and Opportunities of being Digital ...................................................................................... 77 Challenges and bottlenecks ........................................................................................................................ 84 3 Deliverable D.1.11 COMMUNIA Final Report Commodification and Enclosure of Culture ............................................................................................ 85 Copyright Extension and Orphan Works ................................................................................................. 90 Copyright Expansion ................................................................................................................................ 96 Moral Rights and the Public Domain Payant ........................................................................................... 99 Technological Enclosure of Culture ....................................................................................................... 100 Contractual Enclosure of Culture .......................................................................................................... 104 Copyright Censorship and Cultural Diversity ......................................................................................... 107 Legislative Process, Legal Uncertainty and Harmonization ................................................................... 113 Public Domain as the Very Goal of Copyright ........................................................................................... 117 ANNEX III ......................................................................................................................................................... 123 COMMUNIA POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................................................... 123 Recommendation # 1: The term of copyright protection should be reduced. The excessive length of copyright protection combined with an absence of formalities is highly detrimental to the accessibility of our shared knowledge and culture. .................................................................................................. 127 Recommendation # 2: The proposed term extension of copyright protection for performers and sound recordings will harm the public domain and must not be implemented. ............................................. 128 Recommendation # 3: Harmonize Exceptions and Limitations of the Copyright Directive among the Member States and open up the exhaustive list so that the user prerogatives can be adapted to the ongoing technological transformations. ............................................................................................... 134 Recommendation # 4: As a pre‐requisite for unlocking the cultural, educational and economic potential of the public domain, identification of works being in the public domain should be made easier and less resource consuming by simplifying and harmonizing rules of copyright duration and territoriality. .......................................................................................................................................... 134 Recommendation # 5: Digital reproductions of works that are in the Public Domain must also belong to the Public Domain. Use of works in the public domain should not be limited by any means, either legal or technical. .................................................................................................................................. 135 Recommendation # 6: Any false or misleading attempt to misappropriate Public Domain material must be declared unlawful. False or misleading attempts to claim exclusivity over Public Domain material must be sanctioned. .............................................................................................................................. 136 Recommendation # 7: The Public Domain needs to be protected from the adverse effects of Technical Protection Measures. Circumvention of TPMs must be allowed when exercising user rights created by Exceptions and Limitations or when using Public Domain works. The deployment of TPMs to hinder or impede privileged uses of a protected work or access to public domain material must be sanctioned. .............................................................................................................................................................. 136 Recommendation # 8: In order to prevent unnecessary and unwanted protection of works of