1916 – 1921 Roy Douglas analyses Lloyd George’s answer to the Irish Question after the Easter Rising. LloydLloyd GeorgeGeorge andand thethe PartitionPartition ofof IrelandIreland ong before , Irish attitudes to Home Neither side liked this compromise, and by the sum- Rule had come to follow closely the divi mer the country appeared to stand on the brink of L sions, not of social class or perceived eco- civil war. As a last desperate effort to avert conflict, a nomic interest, but of religion. Practically every Conference of leaders of the principal British and Catholic was a Home Ruler, the vast majority of Irish parties was convened at Buckingham Palace. Protestants were Unionists. Ever since the s, an On July the Conference broke down, and the off-and-on alliance had existed between Irish Na- Cabinet met in an atmosphere of high crisis to de- tionalists and Liberals, in support of Irish Home bate Ireland. When the discussion had been pro- Rule. ‘Home Rule’, like many expressions in poli- ceeding for some time, Foreign Secretary Sir tics, did not always mean the same thing, but it cer- Edward Grey reported the ultimatum which Austro- tainly included establishment of an Irish parliament Hungary had just issued to Serbia, warning his col- and executive in Dublin. The only large part of Ire- leagues that ‘it may be the prelude to a war in which land which was overwhelmingly Protestant was at least four of the great Powers might be involved’. north-east Ulster, and there the popular opposition Three days later, the risk of international conflict to Home Rule was every bit as strong as was support had increased, but so deep was the general concern in the rest of the country. But although, in theory, over Ireland that events in Dublin were still at the everybody in politics was either for or against setting top of the Cabinet’s agenda. up a new Home Rule authority for the whole of When Britain went to war with Germany on Ireland, in practice by many people on both August, a few Liberal and Labour MPs wisely and sides of the great divide were groping towards a so- courageously resisted the government’s decision to lution through which the Protestant areas of Ulster fight. Irish MPs, by contrast, were unanimous in sup- would receive different treatment from the rest of port: both the main body of Nationalists who fol- Ireland, at least in the short term. lowed John Redmond, and the ‘Independent Na- As Jeremy Smith describes elsewhere in this issue, tionalists’ from Munster who looked to William during the course of the Liberal government O’Brien and the Unionists alike. As far as this could forced its Home Rule Bill – the Government of Ire- decently be done, the Home Rule question was land Bill – through parliament, against furious oppo- swept under the carpet. On September, the King sition from Conservatives (or, to give them their signed the Home Rule Bill and also signed a new preferred name in this period, ‘Unionists’). The Bill Suspensory Bill which delayed its operation until was awaiting the formal signature of the King. The the end of the war. Yet – as one distinguished Irish new measure would set up an Irish Parliament with historian has reflected – ‘the Irish problem had been limited powers. The break from Great Britain would refrigerated, not liquidated. Nothing had been not be absolute, and some Irish MPs would continue solved, and all was still to play for.’ to sit at Westminster. A concession had been made to In May , the first Coalition government was the ‘separateness’ of the northern Protestant areas by established. Asquith remained Prime Minister and the a provision under which the six most Protestant Ul- Liberals still provided a majority of the Ministers. ster counties would be excluded from the Home Conservatives and Labour were brought into the gov- Rule authority for six years, but would then revert ernment, and so was Sir Edward Carson – born and automatically to union with the rest of the country. educated in Leinster, and MP for Dublin University, Journal of Liberal Democrat History 33 Winter 2001–02 23 yet acknowledged leader of the Ulster the war lasted, his concern was to en- he stood was similar to that of Sinn Unionists who had been such a thorn in sure the most efficient prosecution of Fein. Thereafter Sinn Fein advanced the government’s side before the war. the war. Once the war was over he rapidly, winning a further five by-elec- Attempts were made to include John sought to produce a durable settlement tions in and . Redmond as well, but these failed. in Ireland (whatever that settlement As Prime Minister, Lloyd George In April , the ‘Easter Week Ris- might happen to be), but he may have did not abandon his quest for an Irish ing’ took place in Dublin. The rebels, been even more anxious to keep his settlement. In May , he renewed with no recognisable authority from own government on an even keel. his offer to Redmond for immediate anybody, proclaimed an ‘Irish Repub- When his investigations were com- Home Rule for the twenty-six coun- lic’, and seized control of various build- plete, Lloyd George proposed immedi- ties, without success. In July, a Conven- ings. These rebels were often, though ate application of Home Rule legisla- tion of Irishmen of various persuasions inaccurately, described as ‘Sinn Fein’, tion to the twenty-six Catholic south- was set up, to try to evolve a solution. from the name of an extreme move- ern counties, while the six Protestant Sinn Fein refused to participate, which ment which sought to destroy all politi- northern counties would be excluded. considerably weakened its authority. cal links between Ireland and Great Whether this exclusion was to be per- Then in March , John Redmond Britain. The military were able to re- manent or temporary was uncertain – died from an operation which nobody establish control without too much dif- Redmond was given to understand one had expected to present serious risks. ficulty. In the aftermath, the leaders of thing, Carson was promised the other. So the most experienced, and perhaps the rising were tried in secret by courts- Both men were prepared to accept the the most responsible, Irish politician martial, and no fewer than ninety people arrangement as they understood it, but was suddenly removed from the scene. were condemned to death. both had great difficulty in selling it to He was succeeded as Nationalist leader Some days before any executions their followers. Part of the difficulty by John Dillon. were carried out, John Dillon, more or with any arrangement of this kind was In the same month, while the Con- less Redmond’s second-in-command, that no line could be drawn which did vention was still sitting, the government wrote from Dublin to his leader that ‘so not leave many people on the ‘wrong’ faced a different and even graver prob- far feeling of the population of Dublin side of the proposed border. Northern lem. Russia had collapsed, and the is against the Sinn Feiners. But a reac- Catholics and southern Protestants Treaty of Brest-Litovsk gave the Cen- tion might very easily be created’. alike were aggrieved. Unionists in the tral Powers huge swathes of Russian Dillon went on to urge that ‘the wisest government, notably Walter Long and territory. In the west, the Germans course is to execute no-one for the Lord Lansdowne, waged a bitter war launched their spring offensive, which present.’ To anyone with a sense of against the settlement, while Lloyd at one moment seemed to threaten a Irish history, the wisdom of that advice George threatened resignation if it was similar result in France and Belgium. In was obvious, and Redmond did his not accepted. In the end, the contradic- desperate straits, Lloyd George’s gov- best. In the end, however, fifteen of the tory nature of Lloyd George’s promises ernment began to plan a great exten- rebels were shot. The contrast with the was appreciated by the Irish, and the sion of conscription in Britain, where it wise clemency with which DeWet’s whole thing collapsed – without Lloyd had already existed for a couple of rebels in South Africa had been treated George or anybody else resigning. years. The government also gave earlier in the war is sharp. A few months later, in December thought to the ideal of applying con- Asquith promptly visited Ireland to , Lloyd George became Prime scription to Ireland, which had escaped examine the situation on the spot. On Minister of a reconstituted Coalition it thus far. his return, he entrusted to the ever-re- government. The new Ministry, unlike There were anguished debates in the sourceful Lloyd George the task of en- its predecessor, did not include either Cabinet about the likely effects of Irish gineering a political settlement that Asquith or his closest followers, and the conscription, and various men who might somehow repair the damage. Prime Minister’s dependence on Un- were not Cabinet members were in- Like the rest of his party, Lloyd George ionist support was obvious. vited to give their own views on the was a Home Ruler; but, as has been Meanwhile, the situation in Ireland matter. Broadly, the military men ad- noted, ‘the cause of Irish home rule was was deteriorating rapidly. Irish people vised in favour, whilethose who were never one that roused (his) enthusiasm who would have rejoiced at Home concerned with preserving peace in or fighting spirit, nor was he particu- Rule a couple of years earlier were Ireland advised against.