JOURNAL OF PUBLIC AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS 2017 Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs and The Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs Princeton University ROBERTSON HALL PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRINCETON, NJ 08544-1013 HTTP://WWW.PRINCETON.EDU/~JPIA The Journal of Public and International Affairs (JPIA) is a joint publication of the Association of Professional Schools of In- ternational Affairs (APSIA) and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University. It seeks to publish scholarly articles on a diverse range of subjects, covering the areas of international affairs, development studies, and domestic policy. JPIA is an annual publication that accepts submissions from any advanced student at an APSIA institution. Submissions are reviewed in a blind screening process by an editorial board comprised of students at Princeton University and contributing editors from other APSIA schools. Subscrip- tion or copy requests may be sent to [email protected] or JPIA, Robertson Hall, Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544-1013. Copyright © 2017, the Trustees of Princeton University 1. World Politics—Periodicals. 2. International Relations—Periodicals. 3. Policy sciences— Periodicals. I. Association of Professional Schools in International Affairs. II. Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. III. Title: JPIA. ISSN: 1070-521x CONTENTS Letter from the Editors 5 Articles 1 Small Islands Developing States and Climate Change: An Overview of Legal and Diplomatic Strategies 6 Valentina Baiamonte and Chiara Redaelli, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies 2 Identifying Fraud: An Analysis of Whether Instances of Voter Fraud Drive State Legislatures to Enact Voter Identification Laws 27 Hal Brewster, Woodrow Wilson School of International and Public Affairs, Princeton University 3 Private Firm Incentives to Adopt Internal Carbon Pricing 56 Vivian Chang, Woodrow Wilson School of International and Public Affairs, Princeton University 4 Prison-based Gerrymandering and the Systematic Dilution of Minority Political Voice 78 Lindsay Holcomb, Swarthmore College 5 The Shanghai Cooperation Organization as a Multilateral Security Platform in Central Asia 101 Sarah Lohschelder, Georgetown University School of Foreign Service and Law Center 6 The Repeal of the Corn Laws and Brexit in Comparative Perspective: The Enduring Role of Interest Representation, the Renewed Role of Ideas 121 Nicolas Pose, London School of Economics and Political Science 7 From Narco-Terrorism to Informal Economy: Theorizing the State-Crime Nexus to Understand Afghanistan’s Opium Dilemma 139 Stephen Reimer, London School of Economics and Political Science Essays 8 “Add Two Teaspoons of Women”: Women, Empowerment, and Development Policy 155 Namitha Sadanand, London School of Economics and Political Science 9 Examining Nigeria’s Learning Crisis: Can Communities be Mobilized to Take Action? 160 Eustace Uzor, London School of Economics and Political Science EDITORS-IN-CHIEF Bethany Atkins Trevor Pierce CONTRIBUTING EDITORS American University – School of University of Michigan – Gerald R. International Service Ford School of Public Policy Frieda Arenos Olivia Lewis Valentine Gilson Erica Muñoz-Rumsey Ariel Leuthard University of Southern California – Carleton University – School of Annenberg School for Communication International and Public Affairs and Journalism Patrick Burchat Justin Chapman Bret Schafer Columbia University, Teachers College Tara Boggaram The University of Texas, Austin – Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Graduate Institute of International and Affairs Development Studies – Geneva Elizabeth Petruy Abdurrahman Umut Yüksel Tufts University – Fletcher School of London School of Economics and Law and Diplomacy Political Science Russell Hathaway Felix Keser Robert Pulwer Ashley Lau Yale University – Jackson Institute for University of California San Diego Global Affairs – Graduate School of International Luke Graydon Johnson Relations and Pacific Studies Manus McCaffery Will Fuller Brenna McKee PRINCETON UNIVERSITY STAFF Contributing Editors Sam Kanson-Benanav Andi Zhou Associate Editors Eva Ghirmai Marcelo Norsworthy Richard Sambasivam Anna Twum Assistant Editors Edward Atkinson, Vivian Chang, James Fromson, Aja Kennedy, Mae Lindsey, Chad Maddox, James Smyth, Ryan Stoffers, Mark Walker Letter from the Editors The aim of the Journal of Public and International Affairs (JPIA) is to shed light on the meaningful research, analysis, and writing of public policy-focused gradu- ates students studying a wide variety of issues—from domestic problems in the United States to international challenges among nation states. JPIA is a unique venue to highlight some of the great work and thought-provoking ideas produced by graduate-level students. We are pleased to say this year’s Journal lives up to its goal of helping broadcast this work to a wide audience. From the United States to the Switzerland, this year’s Journal draws on a diverse range of authors’ experiences and studies to analyze a varied—yet timely—set of current issues. By spotlighting topics such as climate change, voting rights, and gender issues, JPIA contributes to the debates that are occurring today. The strong use of quantitative analysis and in-depth study of resources ensures that this year’s Journal adds a select perspective to the debate that hopefully policymakers will find useful and actionable. Such an accomplishment, however, would not be possible without the con- tributions of several key individuals and institutions. Princeton University and its staff provided the financial and logistical support needed to allow students from around the world to participate in JPIA’s publication. Similarly, the Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs (APSIA) also contributed significant financial resources to the Journal. Leona Rosso-Dzugan, a graphic designer at Princeton, provided immense help in shaping the Journal to have its professional look. Lastly, but perhaps most importantly, there is a significant amount of time and resources that individual student editors put into the Journal. This year, we had 36 participants from 12 graduate schools participate in the production of the Journal. We are particularly grateful for the student editors who spent a long weekend in Princeton pouring over this year’s submissions and helping craft the strongest Journal possible. Sam and Andi, the Princeton Contributing Editors to this year’s Journal, played an invaluable role in orchestrating the logistics of the reading weekend. We are confident they will help lead the Journal forward next year and look forward to another successful year for JPIA. Bethany Atkins and Trevor Pierce JPIA Editors-in-Chief 6 7 1 SMALL ISLANDS DEVELOPING STATES AND CLIMATE CHANGE: AN OVERVIEW OF LEGAL AND DIPLOMATIC STRATEGIES Valentina Baiamonte and Chiara Redaelli INTRODUCTION Small Islands Developing States (SIDS) are a group of 52 small countries mainly formed by islands and archipelagos; among them, 38 are members of the United Nations and 17 are non-UN members or territories (UN- OHRLLS 2011, 2). These islands face common challenges and threats due to climate change, as they live in close contact with the ocean and are isolated from other continents. The International Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) has increasingly focused on SIDS due to the peculiar pre-existing environmental issues that have been aggravated by climate change (Parry et al. 2007). The IPCC has assessed possible scenarios brought by tempera- ture increase and subsequent sea level rise. Most notably, climate change has a major impact on the availability of drinkable water, soil salinization, biodiversity and ecosystems (Ibid., 690-694). Although the sea will not fully cover the islands in the short term, salt from the encroaching sea is Valentina Baiamonte is a Ph.D Candidate in International Relations and Teaching Assistant at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies (Swit- zerland). She can be reached at the following email address: valentina.baiamonte@ graduateinstitute.ch. Chiara Redaelli is a Ph.D Candidate in International Law and Teaching Assistant at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies. She can be reached at the following email address: [email protected]. Special thanks to Prof. James Hollway and Prof. Anne Saab for the support and insightful comments provided during the research for this paper. 6 7 already affecting the fertility of the limited arable land that SIDS have (Ibid., 695). Climate change is therefore having a major impact on SIDS’ relatively small economies, which are highly dependent on agriculture, fisheries and trade (Nath, Roberts and Madhoo 2010, 126). Soil salinization and land loss affect not only human activities but also biodiversity and protected species. In 2016, a mammal rodent living in a small island off the coasts of Northern Queensland (Australia) was officially declared extinct due to human-caused climate change; over the last 10 years, 97 percent of this animal’s habitat had been submerged by the sea as a result of sea level rise and frequent floods (Slezak 2016). In addition, the increasing frequency of extreme events such as typhoons, winds, and floods is adversely impacting human health, causing the spread of diseases and damaging economic activities (Parry et al. 2007, 700-712). Confronted with the critical and