FINAL REPORT Analysis of Heat Pump Installation Practices and Performance Prepared for the Heat Pump Working Group David Baylon Shelly Strand Bob Davis David Robison Erin Kruse December, 2005 TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary...................................................................................................... ES-1 1. Introduction.................................................................................................................1 2. Billing Analysis and Field Sample Recruiting............................................................ 2 2.1. Program Description ........................................................................................... 2 2.2. Sample Frame ..................................................................................................... 3 2.3. Utility Consumption Record Recruiting ............................................................. 4 2.4. Field Sample Design........................................................................................... 4 2.5. C&RD / ConAug Sample Recruiting.................................................................. 6 2.6. EWEB Sample Recruiting.................................................................................. 8 3. Billing Analysis.......................................................................................................... 8 3.1. C&RD/ConAug Analysis................................................................................. 11 3.2. Comparison (Control) Group............................................................................ 20 3.3. Realization Rate................................................................................................ 21 3.4. EWEB CheckMe!® Billing Analysis ................................................................ 26 3.5. EWEB Control Comparison Group .................................................................. 31 4. Market Actor Interviews........................................................................................... 32 4.1. HVAC Installers................................................................................................32 4.2. Trends in Heat Pump Manufacturing................................................................ 43 4.3. Interview Findings............................................................................................ 46 5. Field Audits............................................................................................................... 47 5.1. Field Protocol.................................................................................................... 47 5.2. Field Characteristics..........................................................................................48 5.3. Duct System Characteristics ............................................................................. 51 5.4. Heat Pump Characteristics................................................................................ 54 5.5. Field Survey Findings....................................................................................... 55 5.6. Heat Pump HSPF.............................................................................................. 61 5.7. System Sizing....................................................................................................62 5.8. Homeowner Interviews..................................................................................... 65 5.9. Billing Analysis for the Field Sample............................................................... 67 5.10. Field Results..................................................................................................71 6. Laboratory Testing of Heat Pump Performance ....................................................... 73 6.1. Adjustment Factors........................................................................................... 73 6.2. Results: Capacity and COP.............................................................................. 74 6.3. Results: Heating Seasonal Performance Factor ............................................... 78 6.4. Findings............................................................................................................. 82 7. Conclusions............................................................................................................... 73 7.1. Program Savings ............................................................................................... 83 7.2. Heat Pump Commissioning .............................................................................. 84 7.3. Heat Pump Controls.......................................................................................... 87 7.4. Installation and Design Practice........................................................................ 90 7.5. Overall Conclusions.......................................................................................... 91 8. Bibliography and Suggested Reading....................................................................... 92 Technical Appendix A .................................................................................................... A-1 Technical Appendix B .................................................................................................... B-1 Technical Appendix C .................................................................................................... C-1 Technical Appendix D .................................................................................................... D-1 Technical Appendix E......................................................................................................E-1 Analysis of Heat Pump Installation Practices and Performance i Table of Tables Table 1. C&RD & ConAug Heat Pump Installations by Area .......................................... 3 Table 2. Utility Recruitment .............................................................................................. 4 Table 3. Billing Analysis Sample Frame (C&RD / ConAug) ........................................... 5 Table 4. EWEB Sample Frame.......................................................................................... 6 Table 5. Field Sample Attrition ......................................................................................... 8 Table 6. Summary of Savings Estimates by Region........................................................ 12 Table 7. Study Group Climate ......................................................................................... 15 Table 8. NAC Savings by Equipment Type..................................................................... 16 Table 9. NAC Savings by Equipment Type..................................................................... 17 Table 10. Square Footage by Equipment Type for C&RD Single Family ...................... 18 Table 11. Savings by Vintage, Single Family CR&D Cases........................................... 19 Table 12. Untreated Group, NAC kWh Consumption by Year....................................... 20 Table 13: Single Family Realization Rate by Pre-Retrofit System Type ........................ 21 Table 14: Manufactured Home Realization Rate by Pre-Retrofit System Type ............. 22 Table 15: Realization Rate for Entire Sample by Pre-Retrofit System Type .................. 22 Table 16. Analysis Results for Participant Groups.......................................................... 29 Table 17. EWEB Comparison Group Annual Consumption........................................... 31 Table 18. Sample UA and Air Tightness Characteristics ................................................ 49 Table 19. Housing Type and Area ................................................................................... 49 Table 20. Normalized Heat Loss Rate by Vintage .......................................................... 50 Table 21. Normalized Air Leakage Rate by Vintage....................................................... 51 Table 22. Duct UA and Leakage Rates............................................................................ 52 Table 23. Duct Delivery Efficiency by Vintage .............................................................. 53 Table 24. HSPF of Heat Pumps by Region ..................................................................... 61 Table 25. Heat Pump Sizing by Region........................................................................... 65 Table 26: Energy Use Estimates by End Use (N=122).................................................... 69 Table 27: Normalized Energy Use Estimates by Region and End Use ........................... 69 Table 28. Normalized Space Conditioning, Sample vs. RTF.......................................... 71 Table 29. Purdue Adjustment Factors using Refrigerant-Side Capacity Measurements. 73 Table 30. Cd: From Test Data, ARI Default and Back-Calculated................................. 79 Table 31. Defrost Multipliers: From Lab Data and ARI Default .................................... 81 Table 32. Comparison of HSPF results using Carrier YKC Catalog Data with Various Cd and Defrost Multipliers............................................................................................. 82 Table 33. Summary of NAC Consumption and Savings by Region, Treated Cases..... A-1 Table 34. Summary of NAC Consumption by System Type, Treated Cases................ A-3 Table 35. Disaggregation of Savings by End use and Climate Zone............................. A-5 Table 36. Test of Difference Between Regions............................................................