A Study into the Motivations of Internet Users Contributing to Translation Crowdsourcing: The Case of Polish Facebook User-Translators Magdalena Dombek, MA i Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Applied Language and Intercultural Studies Dublin City University Supervisor: Dr. Minako O’Hagan January 2014 i I hereby certify that this material, which I now submit for assessment on the programme of study leading to the award of Doctor of Philosophy is entirely my own work, and that I have exercised reasonable care to ensure that the work is original, and does not to the best of my knowledge breach any law of copyright, and has not been taken from the work of others save and to the extent that such work has been cited and acknowledged within the text of my work. Signed: (Candidate) ID No.: Date: ii ii Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank my academic supervisor, Dr. Minako O’Hagan, who has offered me guidance, wisdom and encouragement beyond limits. She kept me going when times were tough. I consider myself extremely lucky to have had a supervisor who cared so much about my work and always had time to listen to me. I would also like to thank Dr. John Kearns for his friendship and for setting me on the path to postgraduate research. In addition, I am most grateful to the School of Applied Language and Intercultural Studies in DCU for providing financial assistance and excellent research facilities. Without this support I would have never been able to embark on a PhD. Many thanks are due to Google Localisation Team in Dublin for two fantastic summer internships, which left many lasting impressions, not least of which is the value of my research to the translation industry.This experience provided much inspiration and helped motivate my research ambitions. I cannot thank my family in Poland enough. Despite the distance, they were always with me via Skype calls, e-mails, thoughts and prayers. Their faith in me has been overwhelming. iii Mamo, Tato! Dziękuję Wam za każde słowo otuchy i nieustającą wiarę we mnie. Pisaliście tę pracę ze mną i właśnie Wam ją dedykuję. Specjalne podziękowanie dla Cioci Klary za cały ogrom wsparcia na mojej drodze do kariery naukowej. A special thank you goes to Paweł for his IT expertise and for being there for me whenever I needed. You are the best brother a sister can have. To my awesome friends – those back in Poland and in the UK, fellow research students in DCU and housemates in Dublin and also those, whom I met during the course of my studies in Ireland, but have now returned to Korea and Japan – thank you all for cheering me on, continuously keeping my spirits up and maintaining our friendship across different time zones, languages and cultures. Last, but not least, I want to thank all the Polish Facebook user-translators, who accepted me as a researcher, welcomed me into their community, and treated me as a friend. Guys, you are fantastic! This research is the result of your eagerness toshare your experience of translating Facebook with me. The contribution this research makes to the body of knowledge is yours as much as it is mine. Thank you for making it happen. iii Publications and Presentations from this Research Project Dombek, M. 2012. Facebook translation as a gamified experience – Implications for user- translators.Paper presented at the 8th International Postgraduate Conference in Translation and Interpreting (IPCITI), November 8-10, Dublin City University, Ireland. Dombek, M. 2012.Translation crowdsourcing: The Facebook way - in search of crowd motivation. IN: Show and Tell: Proceedings of the SALIS 2011 Postgraduate Showcase, November 9, Dublin City University, Ireland. Available from: http://issuu.com/dublincityuniversity/docs/magdalenadombek/1?e=0. [Accessed 6 November 2013]. Dombek, M. 2012. Motivation in translation crowdsourcing.A study of volunteer Facebook user- translators.Paper presented at the 4th International Association for Translation and Intercultural Studies (IATIS) Conference, July 23-27, Queens University Belfast, UK. Dombek, M. 2011.Translation crowdsourcing.Towards the understanding of the factors motivating networked crowds to contribute translations in the Web 2.0 era.Paper presented at the 7th iv International Postgraduate Conference in Translation and Interpreting (IPCITI), October 28-30, University of Edinburgh, UK. Dombek, M. 2011. Translation crowdsourcing as a new form of translation practice adopted in the Web 2.0 environment – Volunteering translators and their motivation to contribute.Presentation given at the InterFace 2011 Symposium for Humanities and Technology, July 27-29, University College London, UK. iv Table of Contents Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................................... iii Publications and Presentations from this Research Project .............................................................................. iv Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................................... v List of Figures .................................................................................................................................................... ix List of Tables ...................................................................................................................................................... xi List of Notes...................................................................................................................................................... xii Glossary of Terms Specific to Facebook Translation Crowdsourcing .............................................................. xiii Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................... xvi Part I: Research Context .................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 2 1.1 BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................................... 2 1.2 RESEARCH RATIONALE, AIMS AND OBJECTIVES..................................................................................................... 4 1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS .................................................................................................................................... 8 1.4 THESIS STRUCTURE ....................................................................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER 2 CROWDSOURCING AND TRANSLATION CROWDSOURCING ..................................................... 13 v 2.1 CROWDSOURCING ........................................................................................................................................ 13 2.1.1 Threadless ........................................................................................................................................ 18 2.1.2 iStockphoto ...................................................................................................................................... 18 2.1.3 InnoCentive ...................................................................................................................................... 19 2.1.4 Amazon Mechanical Turk ................................................................................................................ 19 2.2 TRANSLATION CROWDSOURCING – THE ORIGINS ............................................................................................... 20 2.3 TRANSLATION CROWDSOURCING – TOWARDS A NEW CATEGORISATION ................................................................. 24 2.4 TECHNOLOGY AND COLLABORATIVE TRANSLATION ONLINE .................................................................................. 30 2.5 COLLABORATIVE TRANSLATION PLATFORMS IN TRANSLATION CROWDSOURCING ...................................................... 33 2.5.1 Ryugakusei Network @ Minna no Hon’yaku ................................................................................... 33 2.5.2 Evernote Translation Server............................................................................................................. 36 2.5.3 Twitter Translation Center ............................................................................................................... 38 2.5.4 Adobe Translation Center ................................................................................................................ 40 2.5.5 Collaborative Translation Platforms - Summary .............................................................................. 42 2.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS ................................................................................................................................ 43 CHAPTER 3 FACEBOOK TRANSLATION CROWDSOURCING .......................................................................... 45 v 3.1 TRANSLATION CROWDSOURCING BY FACEBOOK ................................................................................................. 45 3.1.1 Translation Module ......................................................................................................................... 47 3.1.2 Features