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Order Number 9312230 Framing South Asian transformation: An examination of regional views on South Asian co-operation with special reference to development and security perspectives in India and Shri Lanka Chitty, Naren, Ph.D. The American University, 1992 Copyright ©1992 by Chitty, Naren. All rights reserved. UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Aibor, MI 48106 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. FRAMING SOUTH ASIAN TRANSFORMATION: AN EXAMINATION OF REGIONAL VIEWS ON SOUTH ASIAN CO-OPERATION WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO DEVELOPMENT AND SECURITY PERSPECTIVES IN INDIA AND SHRI LANKA by Naren Chitty submitted to the School of International Service of The American University in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Relations Signatures of Committee: Chairman: --- Dean of the College ___ Date 1992 The American University Washington, D.C. 20016 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. © COPYRIGHT BY NAREN CHITTY 1992 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. To my parents, Alexis and Doris, Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. FRAMING SOUTH ASIAN TRANSFORMATION: AN EXAMINATION OF REGIONAL VIEWS ON SOUTH ASIAN CO-OPERATION WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO DEVELOPMENT AND SECURITY PERSPECTIVES IN INDIA AND SHRI LANKA by Naren Chitty ABSTRACT South Asia, centered on India and anchored in age-old tradition, is being drawn by the Euro-American global center toward modernization. The process of modernization promises social mobility to aspirants to elite status who have been shut out by the tradition of caste. Despite their liberal instincts and the espousal of a program of 'modernization' by ruling elites, elite aspirants find themselves culturally excluded from elite circles of power. At the same time these elite aspirants draw succor from and give succor to ethno-historical constituencies which are in the process of peripheralization by global and national centers. SAARC, the South Asian Association of Regional Co­ operation, is a creation of South Asian governing elites in ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. response to internal pressures for regional development as well as changes in the global environment. South Asian elites respond to contradictory voices of liberalism and tradition when dealing with social change within their own societies and this study posits that this contradiction may be seen in the views of South Asian scholars. The study looks at contributions of regional scholars on co-operation in security and development in the region in terms of a framework, Ashoka's Wheel, constructed from classical Hindu political and mythic thought and Western political thought. It also looks comparatively at official news in the two South Asian countries on which the study concentrates - India and Shri Lanka to establish whether political messages demonstrate the same contradiction. Ill Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To Nicholas Greenwood Onuf, my supervisor I owe a great debt of gratitude, for intellectual sustenance. To my wife and friend, Ismene, for long years of patience and encouragement. To my daughter Sabina for giving me a sense of purpose. To my parents, Alexis and Doris, for giving me a global perspective. To my brother Suren and friend Nihal Goonewardene for invaluable support during my visit to Washington for the defense. To Alex at ISTI for making a molehill out of a computing mountain. IV Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................. Ü ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................ iv TABLE OF CONTENTS......................................... V LIST OF TABLES ........................................ viii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS .................................. ix GLOSSARY ................................................ X Chapter I. INTRODUCTION .................................... Inventing the Wheel.... ............ 1 II. LITERATURE REVIEW ................................ Introduction........................ 15 Approaches to Social Change . ,16 The Structuralism of Galtung & Wallerstein............. 2 3 The Dialectics of Lasswell ......... 25 The Evolutionism of the P l u r a l i s t s ........................ 3 3 The Liberal-irony of Ro r t y ..........35 Conclusion.......................... 45 III. FRAMEWORKS FOR SOUTH ASIA ......................... Introduction........................47 The Inner Wheel: Varnasarma......... 53 The Outer Wheel......................59 The S p o k e s .......................... 73 Transborder Cultures............... 81 Conclusion.......................... 85 IV. METHODOLOGY Introduction........................88 Research Aspects .................. 101 Indian & Sri Lankan Cases . .101 V Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. VI Indo-Sri Lankan Relations and Regional Views .......... 107 Conclusion......................... ill V. THE INDIAN & SRI LANKAN CASES Introduction ..................... 112 "Development" & Development A n alysis....................... 115 "Vocabulary" and Equilibrium A nalysis......................... 120 T h e o r y ............................. 123 Globalization ............... 123 Structuralism ............... 130 Pluralism.....................132 Conflict Theory ............. 134 India & Sri L a n k a ................ 136 Evolutionary Approach . 138 Structural Approach ........ 151 The 1980's A p p r o a c h .......... 152 Ethnic Polarization & Transborder C u l t u r e ....................... 156 Conclusion......................... 163 VI. INDO-SRI LANKAN RELATIONS ....................... Introduction ..................... 172 Non-Alignment: Regional Security & Development ................ 173 Conclusion......................... 198 VII. REGIONAL VIEWS .................................... Introduction ..................... 201 Methodology ..................... 2 02 Periodization ................... 206 Seminar Papers ................... 210 Official Views ............ 267 Conclusion......................... 274 VIII. SYMBOLS FOR TRANSFORMATION ....................... Introduction ..................... 283 Inventing a New Framework for South A s i a ......................... 290 SAARC and the New Global Framework ............................. 298 Conclusion................... 300 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. vil APPENDICES ..................................... 301 I. Interview with President Jayewar- d e n e ............................. 301 II. Topics of "Comment" in Sri Lanka N e w s ............................. 303 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................... 313 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Perspectival Relationships ......................... 19 2. Categories of Configurative Analysis ............... 30 3. Methodology of Research............................... 93 4 . BCIS Seminars ....................................... 110 5. Classification of Development Approaches........... 116 6. Periodization of Development Approaches............. 117 7. Non-aligned Values .................................. 175 8. Muni's