Appendix A. Taxa included in the study indicating samples used, catalog number of museum vouchers when available, and general collection locality. Museum abbreviations are: AMNH – American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA; ANSP – Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, USA; AUM – Auburn University Museum, Auburn, Alabama, USA; ECOSUR – Fish Collection at Colegio de la Frontera Sur, San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico; MCNG – Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Guanare, Venezuela; MNHN – Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France; ROM – Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Canada; UFRGS – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; UTFTC – University of Tennessee Fish Collection, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA. ROM Catalogue Current taxonomy name Tissue Cat No No Locality Description Notes Outgroup Pseudetroplus maculatus T14743 ROM 98998 Aquarium trade India-Madagascar Etroplus suratensis T13505 ROM 93809 Aquarium trade Paratilapia polleni T13100 ROM 88333 Aquarium trade Lake Andrapongy, Paretroplus damii 201936 AMNH 201936 Madagascar Paretroplus polyactis T12265 AMNH Africa Chromidotilapia guntheri T11700 AMNH I-226361 Beffa River, Benin Aquarium trade, wild caught, Etia nguti T10792 ROM 88042 Cameroon Hemichromis bimaculatus T11719 Tchan Duga, Benin Aquarium trade, wild caught, Heterochromis multidens T07136 ROM 88350 Lobeke, Cameroon Oreochromis niloticus 9092S AMNH254194 Littoral Province, Guinea Aquarium trade, wild caught, Congo River, Democratic Orthochromis stormsi T10766 ROM 88041 Republic of Congo Astronotini Tissue (No Astronotus sp T11755 voucher) Aquarium trade Chaetobranchini Aquarium wild caught, Chaetobranchopsis orbicularis T15964 ROM 94816 Tocantins River, Brazil Aquarium wild caught, Chaetobranchus flavescens T15962 ROM 94808 Tocantins River, Brazil Cichlasomatini Tissue (No Acaronia nassa T11728 voucher) Nanay River, Peru Tissue (No Acaronia vultuosa T11806 voucher) Cinaruco River, Venezuela Aequidens diadema T09904 ROM 94289 Sipapo River, Venezuela Aequidens michaeli T15271 ROM 84303 Iriri River, Brazil Aequidens tetramerus T11731 INHS 52493 Andinoacara blombergi T13564 ROM 93684 Silanchi River, Ecuador Maracas River, Trinidad and Andinoacara pulcher T08829 ROM 88767 Tobago Babahoyo fish market, Andinoacara rivulatus T13757 ROM 93774 Ecuador Bujurquina apoparuana T11944 AUM46606 Qebrada Shaapan, Peru Bujurquina hophrys T11946 AUM46564 Qebrada Shaapan, Peru Cichlasoma bimaculatum T06157 ROM 83769 Kukui River, Guyana Patos River, Rio Grande do Cichlasoma dimerus T15879 UFRGS Sul, Brazil Cichlasoma orinocense T11570 AMNH 235141 Apure State, Venezuela Cleithracara maronii T11867 ROM 84141 Aquarium trade Ivanacara bimaculata T12641 ROM 89807 Kuribrong River, Guyana Krobia petitella T08033,T08034 ROM 88574 Berbice River, Guyana Identidied as Krobia "sp. Xingu Orange Spot" in López- Krobia xinguensis T12172 ROM 84179 Aquarium trade Fernández et al. (2010). Laetacara dorsigera T11868 ROM 84171 Aquarium trade Laetacara thayeri T11735 INHS 52500 Nanay River, Peru Nannacara anomala T13932 ROM 93625 Aquarium trade AMNH Nannacara taenia T11890 Uncataloged Aquarium trade Tahuantinsuyoa macantzatza T11920 ROM 83154 Aquarium trade Cichlini MCNG Cichla aff temensis T11595 Uncatalogued Cinaruco River, Venezuela Cichla intermedia T09117 ROM 88239 Orinoco River, Venezuela Cichla temensis T06522 ROM 86127 Pirara River, Guyana Geophagini Acarichthys heckelii T06757 ROM 86511 Rupununi River, Guyana Apistogramma cacatuoides T13261 ROM 93626 Aquarium trade Apistogramma cf steindachneri T06634 ROM 85746 Pirara River, Guyana Apistogramma panduro T07158 ROM 88363 Amazon River, Peru Apistogramma pucallpaensis T11560 AMNH 235147 Orosa River, Peru Biotodoma cupido T06840 ROM 85726 Rupununi River, Guyana MCNG Biotoecus dicentrarchus T11619 Uncatalogued Cinaruco River, Venezuela Crenicara latruncularium T11825 Aquarium trade Crenicara latruncularium T10216 AUM 51359 Planchón River, Peru Crenicichla compressiceps T14383 ROM 94851 Aquarium trade Tom Pire, Trinidad and Crenicichla frenata T08952 ROM 87701 Tobago Crenicichla geayi T11561 AMNH 235157 Las Marias River, Venezuela Crenicichla hadrostigma T15864 UFRGS Ljui River, Brazil Crenicichla lugubris T06671 ROM 86128 Pirara River, Guyana Crenicichla minuano T15863 UFRGS Ljui River, Brazil MNHN-IC-2001- Crenicichla multispinosa T11811 2271 Maroni River, French Guiana Crenicichla percna T15256 ROM 84286 Iriri River, Brazil Crenicichla sp O-wallacii T11610 AMNH 235162 Cinaruco River, Venezuela Crenicichla sveni T11572,T11573 AMNH 235161 Apure State, Venezuela Crenicichla wallacii T06916 ROM 86157 Rupununi River, Guyana Crenicichla zebrina T09311 Ventuari River, Venezuela Dicrossus filamentosus T09853 AUM 54361 Macuruco Lagoon, Venezuela Aquarium trade, Tapajos Dicrossus maculatus T07153 ROM 88360 River, Brazil Geophagus abalios T09105 ROM 88270 Orinoco River, Venezuela Geophagus brasiliensis T13112 ROM 88334 Aquarium trade Geophagus dicrozoster T09320, T09321 ROM 94421 Ventuari River, Venezuela MNHN-IC-2001- Geophagus harreri T11823 2276 Maroni River, French Guiana Aquarium. Magdalena River, Geophagus steindachneri T07135 ROM 88349 Colombia Geophagus taeniopareius T09459 ROM 88269 Ventuari River, Venezuela Guianacara dacrya T06410 ROM 85751 Sawariwaw River, Guyana Guianacara stergiosi T11667,T11668 AMNH 235174 Claro River, Venezuela Gymnogeophagus balzanii T13213 ROM 93805 Aquarium trade Gymnogeophagus rhabdotus T11752 ROM 88334 Aquarium trade Gymnogeophagus setequedas T11845 ROM 84147 Aquarium trade Mazarunia charadrica T06044 ROM 83693 Kukui River, Guyana Mazarunia mazarunii T06143 ROM 83752 Mazaruni River, Guyana Mazarunia pala T06145 ROM 83753 Mazaruni River, Guyana Mikrogeophagus altispinosus T11680 AMNH 235178 Aquarium trade Mikrogeophagus ramirezi T11579 AMNH 235179 Caño Maporal, Venezuela MCNG Satanoperca daemon T11636 Uncatalogued Cinaruco River, Venezuela Satanoperca jurupari T11727 Nanay River, Peru Taeniacara candidi T12267 Aquarium trade Teleocichla aff proselytus T11924 ROM 83153 Aquarium trade Teleocichla centrarchus T14747 ROM 98966 Aquarium trade Teleocichla preta T15214 ROM 84278 Iriri River, Brazil Heroini Amatitlania myrnae T12175 ROM 83161 Aquarium trade Amatitlania sajica T13512 ROM 93804 Aquarium trade Tortuguero Lagoon, Costa Amatitlania siquia T12227 ROM 84187 Rica Amphilophus citrinellus T13257 ROM 94566 Aquarium trade Amphilophus hogaboomorum T12196 ROM 84157 Aquarium trade ROM Amphilophus lyonsi T11906 Uncatalogued Aquarium trade Amphilophus trimaculatus T11911 ROM 84164 Aquarium trade Tortuguero Lagoon, Costa Archocentrus centrarchus T12223 ROM 83167 Rica Astatheros macracanthus T11918 UTFTC 2802 Rio de Los Perros, Mexico MCNG Caquetaia kraussii T11576 Uncatalogued Caño Maporal, Venezuela Caquetaia spectabilis T15838 ROM 96102 Katorwaw River, Guyana Identified as Cryptoheros nanoluteus in López- Australoheros facetus T12184 ROM 84178 Aquarium trade Fernández et al. (2010). Australoheros scitulus T15872 UFRGS 11642 Pelado creek, Brazil Chiapaheros grammodes T12179 ROM 84174 Aquarium trade Identified as Cryptoheros Panamius panamensis in Chortiheros wesseli T12185 ROM 84177 Aquarium trade López-Fernández et al. (2010) Chuco intermedius T11979 ECOSUR Lacanjá Lagoon, Mexico Cryptoheros cutteri T11874 ROM 83160 Aquarium trade Darienheros calobrensis T12167 ROM 84161 Aquarium trade Herichthys bartoni T11919 UTFTC 2600 Media Luna, Mexico ROM Herichthys cyanoguttatus T11762 Uncatalogued Dolan Creek, Texas Heroina isonycterina T14460 ROM 94857 Aquarium trade Heros sp Common T09463 ROM88285 Ventuari River, Venezuela Tortuguero Lagoon, Costa Herotilapia multispinosa T12226 ROM 84137 Rica Hoplarchus psittacus T09460 ROM 88267 Ventuari River, Venezuela MCNG Hypselecara coryphaenoides T11807 Uncatalogued Cinaruco River, Veneziela Identified as Hypsophrys unimaculatus in López- Hypsophys nicaraguensis T10637 ROM 94349 Aquarium trade Fernández et al. (2010). Kronoheros umbriferus T11923 Aquarium trade Mayaheros urophthalmus T11951 ECOSUR Lacanjá Lagoon, Mexico Aquarium wild caught, Mesoheros atromaculatum T14450 ROM 94853 Colombia Identified as 'Cichlasoma' festae by López-Fernández et Mesoheros festae T12178 ROM 84176 Aquarium trade al. (2010). Aquarium wild caught, Atrato Mesoheros gephyrum T10753 ROM 88059 River, Colombia Mesonauta egregius T11590 AMNH 235145 Caño Maporal, Venezuela MCNG Mesonauta insignis T11555 Uncataloged Cinaruco River, Venezuela Nandopsis haitiensis T11882 ROM 84166 Aquarium trade Nandopsis tetracanthus T11913 ROM 84162 Aquarium trade Neetroplus nematopus T11881 ROM 83165 Aquarium trade Identified as 'Cichlasoma' wesseli in López-Fernández et Panamius panamensis T12181 ROM 84167 Aquarium trade al. (2010). Tortuguero Lagoon, Costa Parachromis dovii T12209 ROM 84151 Rica Parachromis friedrichsthalii T11953 ECOSUR Lacanjá Lagoon, Mexico Petenia splendida T11948 ECOSUR Lacanjá Lagoon, Mexico Pterophyllum aff leopoldi T13516 ROM 93810 Aquarium trade Pterophyllum altum T13215 ROM 93808 Aquarium trade Pterophyllum scalare T13934,T13935 ROM 93617 Aquarium trade, Suriname various aquarium stores in the Rocio octofasciata T13078 ROM 92363 Toronto area Symphysodon aequifasciatus T11834 TCWC 12797.09 Aquarium trade Symphysodon aequifasciatus T11830 TCWC 12797.03 Aquarium trade Theraps irregularis T12025 ECOSUR Lacanjá River, Mexico Thorichthys helleri T12013 ECOSUR Lacanjá River, Mexico Thorichthys meeki T12012 ECOSUR Lacanjá River, Mexico Tomocichla tuba T11909 Aquarium trade Trichromis salvini T12063 ECOSUR Tzendales River,