Cultural History in Spain History of Culture and Cultural History: same paths and outcomes?* CAROLINA RODRÍGUEZ-LÓPEZ An overview &XOWXUDOKLVWRU\LVFXUUHQWO\DERRPLQJWRSLFLQ6SDLQ&XOWXUDOKLVWRU\LVQRZ ÁRXULVKLQJ DQG FHUWDLQ DUHDV KDYH GLVWLQJXLVKHG WKHPVHOYHV DV DXWRQRPRXV ÀHOGVRIVWXG\WKHKLVWRU\RIFXOWXUDOSROLWLFVUHDGLQJDQGSULQWLQJDQGPHGLFDO FXOWXUDOSUDFWLFHVIRUH[DPSOH+RZHYHUZKDWLVGHÀQHGDVcultural history in FXUUHQW6SDQLVKKLVWRULRJUDSK\LVQRWDQHDV\LVVXH/LNHWKHUHVWRI(XURSHDQ HYHQ$PHULFDQ KLVWRULRJUDSKLHV6SDQLVKKLVWRULRJUDSK\KDVJRQHWKURXJKDQ H[WHQVLYHDQGLQWHUHVWLQJSURFHVVVKLIWLQJIURPVRFLDOWRFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\7KH SURFHVV KDV QRW EHHQ H[HPSW IURP SUREOHPV DQG PLVXQGHUVWDQGLQJV DQG KDV GHWHUPLQHGQRWRQO\WKHZD\VLQZKLFKFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\KDVWUDGLWLRQDOO\ÁRZHG EXWDOVRWKHNLQGVRIUHVHDUFKDQGVFLHQWLÀFZRUNVWKDWKDYHEHHQODEHOHGZLWK the cultural history title. 7KLVFKDSWHURIIHUVDEULHIRYHUYLHZRIZKDW,KDYHMXVWPHQWLRQHGDERYH ,QRUGHUWRGRVRLWLVGLYLGHGLQWRWKUHHVHFWLRQV7KHÀUVWRQHGHDOVZLWKWKH KLVWRULFDODQGKLVWRULRJUDSKLFDOFRQWH[WVZKHQWKHÀUVWUHVHDUFKDQGGHEDWHVLQ 6SDLQIRFXVHGRQFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\,QWKHVHFRQGVHFWLRQ,LQWURGXFHWKHUHVHDUFK JURXSVLQVWLWXWLRQVDFDGHPLFSURJUDPVDQGSXEOLVKLQJKRXVHSURMHFWVWKDWKDYH HQFRXUDJHG DQG DUH FXUUHQWO\ RUJDQL]LQJ 6SDQLVK FXOWXUDO KLVWRU\ NQRZOHGJH DQGSURGXFWLRQ$QGODVWEXWQRWOHDVW,SUHVHQWDÀUVWDQGWHQWDWLYHOLVWRIH[DFW- ,DPJUDWHIXOWR(OHQD+HUQiQGH]6DQGRLFDIRUGHWDLOHGVXJJHVWLRQVDQGWR3DWULFLD %HUDVDOXFHDQG(OLVDEHWK.OHLQIRUDFFXUDWHUHDGLQJRIWKLVFKDSWHUάVÀUVWYHUVLRQ 211 Carolina Rodríguez-López O\ZKDW6SDQLVKKLVWRULDQVKDYHZULWWHQRQWKHÀHOGRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\,QRWKHU ZRUGV,RIIHUDÀUVWDQGQRQH[KDXVWLYHSRUWUDLWRI6SDQLVKFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\SUR- GXFWLRQWKHPRVWVLJQLÀFDQWWLWOHVDQGWKHVXEÀHOGVRI6SDQLVKFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\ Historical and historiographical context: When and how? When did new cultural history appear in Spain? %HIRUHWKH6SDQLVK&LYLO:DUWKHUHZDVDEXGGLQJDQGLQWHUHVWLQJGHEDWHRQ WKH KLVWRU\ RI LGHDV DQG WKRXJKWV DERXW WKH NLQG RI KLVWRULRJUDSK\ KLVWRULDQV FRXOGZULWH7KHHQWLUHGHEDWHZDVEDVHGRQRQHLGHDFRXOGKLVWRULDQVUHDFK DQHZHUDQGPRUHPRGHUQKLVWRULRJUDSK\E\LQFOXGLQJVSHFLÀFLVVXHVVXFKDV FXOWXUDOWUHQGVDQGPRYHPHQWV":RXOGWKH\EHDEOHWRH[SORUHLQVRPH6SDQLVK KLVWRULFDOSURFHVVHVSDWKVUHFHQWO\RSHQHGE\WKH)UHQFKAnnales6FKRRO":DV LWSRVVLEOHWRFRQFHQWUDWHRQVSHFLÀFWUDLWVRISpanish civilizationE\VWXG\LQJ FXOWXUDOH[SUHVVLRQVDQGH[SHULHQFHV"0RUHLPSRUWDQWO\ZRXOGWKHVHQHZNLQG RIVWXGLHVFRQWULEXWHDZKROHPRGHUQL]DWLRQSURFHVVZKLFKZDVFODLPHGIRUD ORQJWLPHE\6SDQLVKVRFLHW\"1 7KLVGHEDWHZDVDEUXSWO\LQWHUUXSWHGE\WKH6SDQLVK&LYLO:DUDQGLWVDIWHU- PDWK([LOHDQGWKHLGHRORJLFDOEDUUHQQHVVRIWKHSRVWZDUSHULRGRSHQHGSROLWL- FDOLGHRORJLFDODQGLQWHOOHFWXDOGRRUVWRQHR&DWKROLFDQGIDVFLVWIRUPVRIKLV- WRULRJUDSK\+RZHYHU)UDQFR·VUHJLPHXQZLWWLQJO\OHIWVRPHJDSVZKLFKZHUH XVHGE\KLVWRULDQVIRUWKHLURZQLQWHOOHFWXDOSURGXFWLRQ7KXVVLQFHWKHV 6SDQLVKKLVWRULDQVUHFHLYHGYDULHGDQGIUXLWIXOLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWZKDW)UHQFK KLVWRULDQVZHUHGRLQJZLWKLQWKHIUDPHZRUNRIAnnales,GXHPDLQO\WRTXLWH VLJQLÀFDQWKLVWRULDQVRIWKHHDUO\PRGHUQSHULRGVXFKDV3LHUUH9LODU%ULWLVK ERRNVDQGRWKHUVUHODWHGWRWKHVWXG\RI)UHQFKcivilizationZHUHXVHGE\6SDQ- LVKKLVWRULDQVVHDUFKLQJIRUQHZKLVWRULFDODSSURDFKHVZKLFKDOORZHGWKHPWR GHSDUWIURPWKHWUDGLWLRQDOSROLWLFDOSHUVSHFWLYH-RVp00DUDYDOODQG-RVp0 -RYHUZHUHXQGRXEWHGO\WKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWKLVWRULDQVRIWKDWWLPH $ QHZ SDQRUDPD VWDUWHG WR DSSHDU GXULQJ WKH V DQG V2 British VRFLDOKLVWRU\LQVSLUHGE\0DU[LVWSULQFLSOHVRIIHUHGDQHZWUDQVQDWLRQDOGL- UHFWLRQIRU6SDQLVKKLVWRULRJUDSK\PDLQO\IRFXVHGRQPRGHUQWLPHV,Q 6SDQLVKKLVWRULDQVFRXOGUHDGIRUWKHÀUVWWLPHD6SDQLVKWUDQVODWLRQRI5XGp·V ERRNThe Crowd in History: A Study of Popular Disturbances in France and England, 1730-1848. ,QWKH\FRXOGUHDGWKHÀUVW6SDQLVKWUDQVODWLRQVRI( 1 ALTAMIRA,ID.ID.; 2 JOVER,HERNÁNDEZ SANDOICA, 212 Cultural History in Spain 37KRPSVRQ·VUHVHDUFKDQGLQWKHFRDXWKRUHG5XGp +REVEDZPERRN Captain Swing: A Social History of the Great English Agricultural Uprising of 1830DSSHDUHGLQLWV6SDQLVKYHUVLRQIRUWKHÀUVWWLPH :KDWZDVKDSSHQLQJLQ6SDQLVKKLVWRULRJUDSK\DQGLQWKHUHVWRI6SDQLVK SROLWLFDODQGFXOWXUDOOLIHGXULQJWKHVDQGVLVTXLWHVLJQLÀFDQWLQXQ- GHUVWDQGLQJWKHSURFHVVSUHYLRXVO\PHQWLRQHG7KHHQGRI)UDQFR·VGLFWDWRUVKLS WKHEHJLQQLQJRIDQLQWHQVHDQGIUXLWIXOFXOWXUDOPRYHPHQWLQWKHVXEVHTXHQW WUDQVLWLRQSHULRG³GHÀQLQJWKHIUDPHZRUNIRUGHPRFUDWLFSUDFWLFH³DQGWKHDU- ULYDORIQHZDQGGLIIHUHQWKLVWRULRJUDSKLFDODSSURDFKHVGHHSO\FRQWULEXWHGWR WKHGHYHORSPHQWRIWZRFRQVHFXWLYHDQGSDUDOOHOSURFHVVHV2QWKHRQHKDQG HQFRXUDJHGE\UHVLVWDQFHWRWKH6SDQLVKGLFWDWRUVKLS6SDQLVKKLVWRULDQV³PDLQ- O\WKH\RXQJHVWDQGWKRVHZKRWUDYHOHGDEURDGDQGUHDGIRUHLJQODQJXDJHV³ HPEDUNHGRQQHZUHVHDUFKIRFXVHGRQWKH6SDQLVKZRUNHUV·PRYHPHQWWUDGH XQLRQVDQGRWKHUVLPLODUPRYHPHQWVGXULQJWKH6SDQLVK&LYLO:DU6SHFLÀFDOO\ WKHUHZDVWKHIHUWLOHZRUNRIDYDULHGJURXSRIIRUHLJQUHVHDUFKHUVVSHFLDOL]HG LQ6SDQLVKKLVWRU\DQGFXOWXUH WKHHispanists RIWHQFRPLQJIURP)UDQFH(QJ- ODQG*HUPDQ\DQGWKH863 2QWKHRWKHUKDQGE\IRFXVLQJWKHLUUHVHDUFKRQZRUNHUVDQGWUDGHXQLRQV 6SDQLVKKLVWRULDQVdiscoveredDQHZSDWKWREULQJRWKHUNLQGVRIFXOWXUHWROLJKW 7KHVHGHDOWZLWKFXOWXUHSUDFWLFHGPDGHDQGOLYHG H[SHULHQFHG E\VXEDOWHUQ JURXSVDQGLQGLYLGXDOV,QRWKHUZRUGVE\SD\LQJDWWHQWLRQWRDQGGLVFRYHULQJ WKHIRUPVRISRSXODUVXEDOWHUQDQGZRUNHUV·FXOWXUHWKH\GHOYHGLQWRWKHLUUH- VHDUFKWRSLFVLQGHSWKDQGDWWKHVDPHWLPHFRPSDUHGDQGFRQIURQWHGSRSXODU DQGHOLWHFXOWXUHV ,WZDVJHQHUDOO\DVVXPHGWKDWIRUPHUZD\VRIUHVHDUFKLQWKHÀHOGRIFXOWXUDO KLVWRU\ RUUDWKHUhistory of culture RXWOLQHGWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIWKHVRFDOOHG high culture7KHLGHRORJLFDOSHUVSHFWLYHVIURPZKLFKWKHVHQHZDSSURDFKHV WRFXOWXUHZHUHREVHUYHG³VRPHWLPHVWDFLWO\VRPHWLPHVH[SOLFLWO\³OHGWRWKH IRUPHUSURGXFWLRQDERXWWKHWRSLFEHLQJGHÀQHGDVFRQVHUYDWLYHDQGHOLWLVW5H- VHDUFKZKLFKRQO\SRLQWHGRXWWUHQGVLQDUWPXVLFOLWHUDWXUHOHDYLQJDVLGHSRS- XODUDQGVXEDOWHUQFXOWXUHH[SUHVVLRQVJUDGXDOO\UDQWKHULVNRIEHLQJFRQVLGHUHG ERWKDQROGDQGDQLQFRPSOHWHKLVWRU\RIFXOWXUH4 3 9LODU - ) %RWUHO 6 6DOlXQ & 6HUUDQR - / *XHUHxD DPRQJ WKH )UHQFK 07XxyQGH/DUD³D6SDQLVKKLVWRULDQOLYLQJLQ)UDQFHDVDQH[LOHDQGUHWXUQLQJ WR6SDLQDIWHU)UDQFR·VGHDWK³33UHVWRQ-/\QFK-(OOLRWWDPRQJWKH%ULWLVK :%HUQHFNHUDPRQJWKH*HUPDQVRU63D\QHDQG6(OOZRRGDPRQJWKH$PHULFDQV 4 URÍADID.EID.DID.E 213 Carolina Rodríguez-López :HFDQVXPXSWKHWZRPDLQSDWKVDORQJZKLFKWKHÀUVW6SDQLVKFXOWXUDO KLVWRU\ÁRZHGRQWKHRQHKDQGLWFRQQHFWHGZLWKVRFLDOKLVWRU\VRFLRORJ\³ DQWKURSRORJ\DUULYHGODWHULQWKLVSURFHVV³DQGIRFXVHGRQFRPPRQWUHQG\DQG Marxist concepts like association movements, workers’ movementsDQGHYHQ everyday life.57KLVVRUWRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LVVWURQJO\UHODWHGWRZRPHQ·VKLVWR- U\62QWKHRWKHUKDQGLWZDVLQWHOOHFWXDOKLVWRU\DQGWKHKLVWRU\RILGHDVZKLFK ZDVSUDFWLFHGZLWKRXWDQ\FRQWDFWVRFLDOKLVWRU\7KHVHWZRGLIIHUHQW³XVXDOO\ FRQWUDVWLQJ³DSSURDFKHVWR6SDQLVKFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\FKDUDFWHUL]HGQRWRQO\WKH VFLHQWLÀ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ÀHOGRIVRFLDOKLVWRU\ZHUHFRQVLGHUHGDSSURSULDWH WRDFKLHYHJRRGDQGQHZVWXGLHVGHDOLQJZLWKFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\7KHUHVWRIWKH ZRUNVFRQFHUQLQJLQWHOOHFWXDOKLVWRU\DQGWKHKLVWRU\RILGHDVUHPDLQHGDVFODV- VLFKLVWRU\SURGXFWLRQV7 :KDWGLG6SDQLVKKLVWRULDQVXQGHUVWDQGDVculture":KDWNLQGVRIFXOWXUDO H[SUHVVLRQVGLGWKH\FRQVLGHUZRUWKVWXG\LQJ",IZHUHDOO\ZDQWWRXQGHUVWDQG what culturePHDQWWR6SDQLVKKLVWRULDQVLQWKHVZHQHHGWRLGHQWLI\WKH WUHQGVWKDWLQÁXHQFHGWKHP)UHQFKKLVWRULRJUDSK\KDVWUDGLWLRQDOO\KDGDQLQÁX- HQFHRQ6SDQLVKKLVWRULDQV)URPWKHVWRWKHVZHFDQHDVLO\LGHQWLI\ the impact of the Annales)UHQFKKLVWRULRJUDSK\VFKRRO ,QÁXHQFHGE\WKH0DU[LVW%ULWLVKWKRXJKWVDQGWKHLPSDFWVIURPWKHQHZ WUHQGIRFXVHGRQWKHSUR[LPLW\RIKLVWRU\WRWKHUHVWRIVRFLDOVFLHQFHV6SDQLVK KLVWRULDQVZHUHLQWHUHVWHGLQeveryday lifePDLQO\RIZRUNHUVXVXDOO\WKHPDLQ HPSKDVLVRIWKHLUUHVHDUFK%\FRQVLGHULQJLQWHOOHFWXDOKLVWRU\DQGWKHKLVWRU\ RILGHDVDVWKHVWXG\RIH[FHSWLRQDODQGH[FOXVLYHFXOWXUHHYHU\GD\OLIHVWXGLHV HPHUJHGDVDSHUIHFWPHGLXPWRNQRZWKHPRVWUHSUHVHQWDWLYHDVSHFWVRIFXOWXUDO KXPDQOLIH6RFXOWXUHDGRSWHGDYDULHW\RIPHDQLQJV³DWWLWXGHVVKDUHGYDOXHV V\PEROVDQGFXOWXUDOH[SUHVVLRQV³ZKLFKFRPELQHWRIRUPDZD\RIOLIH 5 CASTELLSID.ID.ID.ID.DID. 6 CID, 2006. 7 HERÁNDEZ SANDOICA,S 214 Cultural History in Spain ,WLVHDV\WRVHHWKDWWKHVHFKDQJHVDQGVWUDWHJLFSHUVSHFWLYHVZHUHQRWVLPSOH HVSHFLDOO\VLQFHWKHWZRVLGHVLQFRQÁLFWKLJK LQWHOOHFWXDO DQGSRSXODUFXOWXUH EHFDPHTXLWHFORVHO\LGHQWLÀHGE\WKHHFOHFWLFKLVWRULDQV+LVWRU\FRQVWLWXWHGDW WKLVSRLQWDFRPSUHKHQVLYHH[HUFLVHZKHUHHOHPHQWVFRPLQJIURPLQWHOOHFWXDO KLVWRU\DQWKURSRORJ\SHUVSHFWLYHVDQGIURPWKHKLVWRU\RILGHDVDQGWKRXJKW ZHQWKDQGLQKDQG /LWWOHE\OLWWOHWKLVZKROHJURXSZDVDVVLPLODWLQJDQWKURSRORJLFDOSHUVSHF- WLYHV6RFLRORJ\DQG0DU[LVPZHUHSXVKHGLQWRWKHEDFNJURXQGDQGKLVWRULDQV FKRVHWRSUDFWLFHQHZVRFLRFXOWXUDOSHUVSHFWLYHVZRUNKLVWRU\DQGZRUNHUV· DQGSHDVDQWFXOWXUHDPRQJRWKHUVZHUHLQWKHFHQWHURIQHZDQGIUXLWIXOFXOWXUDO KLVWRULHV7KHVHGHDOWZLWKDVRFLRDQWKURSRORJLFDOKLVWRU\QRZLQWHUHVWHGPDLQ- O\LQODQJXDJHDQGFRPPXQLFDWLRQ,QVRPHDVSHFWVWKLVQHZKLVWRU\DSSURDFK ZDVLQGHEWHGWRVRFLDOVFLHQFHVDQGHVSHFLDOO\WRWKHPRVWRXWVWDQGLQJKLVWRULFDO WUHQGVWKHWZRMXVWPHQWLRQHGDQGWKH)UHQFK6FKRRORIAnnales. 7KH\ZHUH FKDQJHGE\FRQFHSWVOLNHsociabilityERUURZHGIURP0DXULFH$JXOKRQDQGE\ WKHQHR0DU[LVW%ULWLVKSHUVSHFWLYH ,QVXP6SDQLVKKLVWRULDQVZKRFRQVLGHUHGWKHKLVWRU\RIFXOWXUHDVDUHPLQG- HURIHOLWLVWEHKDYLRUOHIWWKLVDVLGHDQGVWDUWHGWRGUDZQHDUHUWRDQRWKHUNLQGRI FXOWXUDOKLVWRU\E\XQGHUVWDQGLQJFXOWXUHDVDSDUWRIVRFLDOKLVWRU\7KHUHLVD WKLUGJURXSKLVWRULDQVZKRDFKLHYHGDVRUWRIPLGGOHJURXQG7KH\VWXGLHGLQ- WHOOHFWXDOKLVWRU\IURPDFXOWXUDOSHUVSHFWLYHE\MXVWLI\LQJWKHLUFKRLFHVLQWKHVH ZRUGVLQWHOOHFWXDOVDUHDVRFLDOJURXSZKRPDNHFXOWXUDOSURGXFWV,QWKLVODWWHU