ANNALES DE L’UNIVERSITE OMAR BONGO, N° 19 1 HISTOIRE, SOCIETE, POESIE DES DESEQUILIBRES AUX EQUILIBRES Annales de l’U.O.B., n° 19 ; Décembre 2014 ISSN : 2-912603-18-8 ; ISBN : 978-2-912603-52-4 ; EAN : 978-2-912603-52-4 © Presses Universitaires du Gabon ANNALES DE L’UNIVERSITE OMAR BONGO, N° 19 DECEMBRE 2014 DIRECTEUR DE PUBLICATION : MARC LOUIS ROPIVIA, RECTEUR DE L'UOB DIRECTEUR SCIENTIFIQUE : PATRICK DAOUDA MOUGUIAMA COMITE SCIENTIFIQUE : COMITES DE LECTURE : SCIENCES HUMAINES : JEAN-AIME BOUSSOUGOU LETTRES ET LANGUES : GUY SERGE BIGNOUMBA ALEXANDRE BARRO CHAMBRIER JEAN-AIME BOUSSOUGOU DANIEL AKENDENGUE JEAN-JACQUES EKOMIE JULES DJEKI BERNARD EKOME OSSOUMA 2 JEROME KWENZI-MIKALA THIERRY EKOGHA FREDERIC MAMBENGA YLAGOU RAYMOND MAYER MANON LEVESQUE EP. KOMBILA BLANDINE MOUENDOU CHARLES MBA OWONO THEODORE KOUMBA NICOLAS NGOU MVE JEAN-EMILE MBOT MICHEL LOKO STEEVE ROBERT RENOMBO NICOLAS METEGUE N'NAH ROGER MICKALA PIERRE TCHALOU JOHN JOSEPH NAMBO BERNARDIN MINKO MVE ANDRE TOLOFON HERVÉ NDOUME ESSINGONE PLACIDE MOWANGUE PIERRE NDOMBI JEAN BERNARD MOMBO FIDELE PIERRE NZE NGUEMA JEAN-FRANÇOIS OWAYE NOËL MESMIN SOUMAHO JOSEPH TONDA GILBERT ZUE NGUEMA ISSN : 2-912603-18-8 ISBN : 978-2-912603-52-4 EAN : 9782912603524 © Presses Universitaires du Gabon B.P. 13.131, Libreville Gabon www.pug-uob.org Annales de l’U.O.B., n° 19 ; Décembre 2014 ISSN : 2-912603-18-8 ; ISBN : 978-2-912603-52-4 ; EAN : 978-2-912603-52-4 © Presses Universitaires du Gabon HISTOIRE, SOCIETE, POESIE DES DESEQUILIBRES AUX EQUILIBRES SOMMAIRE SAVOIRS ET SOCIETE HISTOIRE GRANDE-BRETAGNE/AFRIQUE PAUL MAIXCENT MOUSSINGA THE DARK SIDE OF IMPERIALISM UNDER THE VICTORIAN PERIOD: BRITISH COLONIAL DOMINATION IN AFRICA IN THE 19TH CENTURY AND THE STRUCTURAL EXTENSION OF THE EMPIRE 7 3 SOCIETE JEAN AIME BOUSSOUGOU-MOUSSAVOU EFFETS DU CONFLIT TRAVAIL-FAMILLE SUR L’IMPLICATION ORGANISATIONNELLE 27 NADINE NDONGHAN IYANGUI UTILITE DE L’INFORMATION GEOGRAPHIQUE SANITAIRE : EXPLORATION CARTOGRAPHIQUE DE L’OFFRE DE SOINS A LIBREVILLE 51 POESIE JEAN-FRANCIS EKOUNGOUN GENESE, RECEPTION ET ENJEUX INTERCULTURELS DE LA POESIE DE NOEL X. EBONY 69 Annales de l’U.O.B., n° 19 ; Décembre 2014 ISSN : 2-912603-18-8 ; ISBN : 978-2-912603-52-4 ; EAN : 978-2-912603-52-4 © Presses Universitaires du Gabon 4 Annales de l’U.O.B., n° 19 ; Décembre 2014 ISSN : 2-912603-18-8 ; ISBN : 978-2-912603-52-4 ; EAN : 978-2-912603-52-4 © Presses Universitaires du Gabon HISTOIRE GRANDE -BRETAGNE /A FRIQUE 5 Annales de l’U.O.B., n° 19 ; Décembre 2014 ISSN : 2-912603-18-8 ; ISBN : 978-2-912603-52-4 ; EAN : 978-2-912603-52-4 © Presses Universitaires du Gabon 6 Annales de l’U.O.B., n° 19 ; Décembre 2014 ISSN : 2-912603-18-8 ; ISBN : 978-2-912603-52-4 ; EAN : 978-2-912603-52-4 © Presses Universitaires du Gabon THE DARK SIDE OF IMPERIALISM UNDER THE VICTORIAN PERIOD : BRITISH COLONIAL DOMINATION IN AFRICA IN THE 19 TH CENTURY AND THE STRUCTURAL EXTENSION OF THE EMPIRE PAUL MAIXCENT MOUSSINGA SCHOOL OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES , ENGLISH DEPARTMENT AFLESH – UOB 7 ABSTRACT : The present study is carried out to scrutinise the British decolonisation project in Africa which was pressed by the economic situation in Europe but mainly in Great Britain. Indeed, confronted with the burdensome problem of managing the largest Empire in the world, Great Britain had to find means and ways to relinquish her African territories but not anyhow. Victorian Imperialists had to turn the tide by transforming the process of African decolonisation in an informal imperialist system which produced tools of Imperialism managed by the main Imperial power to reproduce imperial structures on the Dark Continent. KEY WORDS : Colonial domination, Empire, France, Great Britain, Imperialism, Imperialists, philanthropists, Queen Victoria, Structural design, Victorians. Annales de l’U.O.B., n° 19 ; Décembre 2014 ISSN : 2-912603-18-8 ; ISBN : 978-2-912603-52-4 ; EAN : 978-2-912603-52-4 © Presses Universitaires du Gabon RESUME : La présente étude est menée pour examiner le projet de décolonisation britannique en Afrique qui était dicté par la situation économique en Europe mais surtout en Grande- Bretagne. En effet, confrontée au lourd problème de gestion du plus grand empire au monde, la Grande-Bretagne devait trouver des voies et moyens pour abandonner ses territoires africains mais pas à n’importe quel prix. Les impérialistes de l’époque victorienne devaient renverser la tendance en transformant le processus de la décolonisation en Afrique en un système impérialiste informel qui produisit des outils de l’Impérialisme gérés par la principale autorité impériale pour reproduire des structures impériales sur le Continent noir. MOTS -CLES : Domination coloniale, empire, France, Grande-Bretagne, impérialisme, impérialistes, philanthropes, reine Victoria, reconstruction structurale, partisans de Victoria. 8 Annales de l’U.O.B., n° 19 ; Décembre 2014 ISSN : 2-912603-18-8 ; ISBN : 978-2-912603-52-4 ; EAN : 978-2-912603-52-4 © Presses Universitaires du Gabon beings, who, they believed, were still lagging behind in the farthest corners of the world. It was worth struggling to preserve the European ‘idealistic’ civilisation – and not only for the sake of Europe but also for continents like the Americas where the Europeans settled permanently. Academics of different parts of the planet have put forward conflicting opinions. Even in 1996, Denis Judd, an Imperial and Victorian historian, who is an observer of ven when the scramble for Africa1 imperialism through colonisation, still alluded to threatened the stability of Europe in how the European powers partitioned Africa: the 19th century, through rivalries E “The fact that by the end of the nineteenth among the great powers of the time, the century nearly forty per cent of Africa’s frontiers European bearers of the imperialist flag still were made up of straight lines provides the agreed on one thing: Africa still constituted clearest possible evidence that the partition of common ground for conquest by the European the Dark Continent [Africa] was the result of empires. Historians, academics and other diplomatic compromise rather than bloody and researchers argued likewise as to the conquest unrestrained conflict”3. of Africa for various reasons. Some believed in bringing civilisation into the Dark Continent, Britain had a greater opportunity to become the 9 while others poised to be philanthropists prone vanguard of colonial domination almost to stop the slave trade and promote fair trade. worldwide, and especially in Africa. Imperial However, to whom did fair trade benefit if not think tank had ideas to revamp British to the advocates of the empires themselves. It Imperialism in Africa in order to prevent appeared that everything was set for the stage. Germany, France, Holland, Portugal and, to a Since Man first came into being, there was an lesser extent, Spain from being the only masters ideal, an opportunity and a means to make in the colonial adventure. Both Disraeli and serious steps towards egocentrism, selfishness Gladstone, two British political leaders under and domination of the world2. From the 18th the Victorian period, though not so much century, European powers, and especially the personally interested in Africa as it were, British Empire, showed their might by encouraged people like David Livingstone and conquering various parts of the world. They also Stanley, even more Cecil Rhodes, to explore the claimed through their zeal that they wanted to southern part of the Dark Continent. take their civilisation and culture beyond their Indeed, Britain appears as the most successful frontiers. They directed it towards other human modern – as opposed to contemporary-, 1 philanthropic and Victorian expression of an JUDD DENIS, Empire: The British Imperial Experience from 1765 to the Present, London, Harper Collins Publishers, p. 102. 2 3 Hegel’s dialectics of the Master and the Slave. JUDD DENIS, op. cit., p. 102. Annales de l’U.O.B., n° 19 ; Décembre 2014 ISSN : 2-912603-18-8 ; ISBN : 978-2-912603-52-4 ; EAN : 978-2-912603-52-4 © Presses Universitaires du Gabon Imperial system within a parliamentary possessions, then Imperial and Victorian Britain monarchy, Immanuel Kant expresses this view in might be subject to similar criticism. In this case, his essay entitled Toward Perpetual Peace, then, much more that the imperial burden, the whose second article states that “the right of maintaining of the model of British imperialism nations shall be based on a federalism of free in Africa should be questioned. states”1 as they naturally emerged in Europe. This article highlights the view that, indeed, the Invasions and crusades did not change much British Empire in Africa was promoted through regarding the fate of European nations. For the suppression of slave trade, support to fair philanthropists, meeting this requirement is a trade and legal trade and the creation of a prerequisite to overcome injustices and anarchy capture market as well as imposing the products in tribal war-torn areas ruled by the state of of British manufacturing and trade resulting nature. This leads necessarily to achieve long from the Industrial Revolution. The said Empire term peace in various parts of the world, reproduced the structures of dependence and notably in Africa where the creation of countries subordination characteristics of imperialism. was imposed. It is clear that many historians and The present article starts by providing an researchers interested in the Victorian epoch overview of the concept of imperialism as agree with this stand. Yet, the philanthropic and conceived by James Tully and related to the Kantian model raised vigorous issues, more notion of colonialism. It also deals with the especially by Edward Said and James Tully, historic opinion that Victorian imperialists, and among others. Both scholars pointed out and even philanthropists, accentuated the structural 10 discarded “cultural imperialism” found in Kant’s design of an empire that perpetuated British theory2.