Definitions • BIODIVERSITY I Taxonomy : Science of biological classification. BIOL 1051 – Classification : • « Natural »: mutual similarities TAXONOMY • Phylogenetic : evolutive relationship. – Nomenclature : • attribution of names to taxonomic groups in Professor Marc C. Lavoie accordance with the published rules. [email protected] – Identification : • Practical aspect of taxonomy. Process by which it is determined that a particular isolate belongs to a known taxon. Main taxonomic ranks Main taxonomic ranks Empire Eukaryota Eukaryota Eukaryota Kingdom Alveolata Opistokonta Archaeplastida • EMPIRES : Phylum Ciliophora Basidiomycota Chlorophyta • ARCHEA Class Nassophorae Hymenomycetes Chlorophyceae Order Peniculada Agaricales Volvocales • BACTERIA Family Amanitaceae Chlamydomonadaceae • EUKARYA Genus Paramecium Amanita Chlamydomonas Species Paramecium Amanita virosa Chlamydomonas aurelia eugametos • GENUS • SPECIES Criteria for the classification Main organisms classification of organisms systems • • Morphological Two Kingdoms System • • Physiological Five Kingdoms System • Metabolic • Six Kingdoms System • Ecological • Eight Kingdoms System • Genetic* • Universal Phylogenetic Tree • Molecular* (The Tree of LIFE) 1 Two Kingdoms System Two Kingdoms System Animalia Plantae Five Kingdoms System Six Kingdoms System • CLASSIFICATION • Monera or CRITERIA Prokaryotae were • Mode of Nutrition divided into two • Metabolism kingdoms: • Mode of Reproduction • Eubacteria • Type of Motility • Archaea • Morphology Eight Kingdoms System RECENT CLASSIFICATION • Two Empires and eight Kingdoms. • Empire Bacteria : Eubacteria & Archaea . • Empire Eukaryota : Six eukaryotic Kingdoms. Two new Kingdoms: • Archezoa : Unicellular eukaryotes (Giardia) no Golgi, mitochondria, chloroplasts or peroxysomes. • Chromista : photosynthetic, chloroplasts in the lumen of RER. (Diatoms, Brown algae, Cryptomonads & Oomycetes). 2 Universal phylogenetic tree • Bacteria : – prokaryotes, – membrane lipids : di esters of diacyl -glycerol, – rRNA :16S. • Archaea : – procaryotes, – membrane lipids : tetra ethers of BACTERIA diglycerol or di ethers of isoprenoid-glycerol, – rRNA: 16S. • Eukaryota : – eukaryote, – membrane lipids : di esters of acyl-glycerol, – rRNA: 18S. ARCHEA EUKARYA 3 Classification based on the acquisition of organelles Patterson 1993 T u b u lin ae F lab ellin ea S tereom yxida Acantham oebidae AM OEBO ZOA Entam oebida M astigom oebida P elom yxa Eum ycetozoa In certae sed is Unikonts Spongom onadida Fungi OPISTOKONTA M esom ycetozoa Choanom onada M etazo a C ercozoa H aplosporidia R H IZ A R IA Foram inifera G ro m ia R a dio la ria G laucophyta ARCHAEPLASTIDA Rhodophyceae Bikonts C hloroplastida C ryptophyceae EUKARYO TA CHROMALVEOLATA H aptophyta S tram enopiles A lv e o la ta F o rn icata Malaw im onas P arab asalia EXC A VA TA P reaxo styla Jako b id a H eterolobosea Euglenozoa Ancyrom onas Adl et al 2005 Aposom onadidae C entrh elida In certae sed is C ollodictyonidae E b ria c ea Cavalier-Smith, 2004 Spironem idae K athablepharidae Stephanopogon 4 SIX CLUSTERS OF EUKARYOTES • 1. AMOEBOZOA • 2. OPISTOKONTA MICRO-ORGANISMS • 3. RHIZARIA PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES VIRUSES • 4. ARCHAEPLASTIDA • 5. CHROMALVEOLATA BACTERIA ARCHAE A AMOEBOZOA OPISTOKONTA RHIZARIA ARCHAEPL ASTIDA CHROMALVEOLATA EXCAVATA • 6. EXCAVATA 5.