Migrationin WestAfrica a 1g DemographicAspects Public Disclosure Authorized K. C. Zachariah and Julien Cond6 Public Disclosure Authorized , X / NK I X N~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~V Public Disclosure Authorized f - i X-X Public Disclosure Authorized N ,1~~~~~1 A Joint World Bank-QEODStudy Migration in West Africa Demographic Aspects A Joint World Bank-OECD Study With the assistance of Bonnie Lou Newlon and contributions by Chike S. Okoye M. L. Srivastava N. K. Nair Eugene K. Campbell Kenneth Swindell Remy Clairin Michele Fieloux K. C. Zachariah and Julien Conde Migration in West Africa Demographic Aspects Published for the World Bank Oxford University Press Oxford University Press NEW YORK OXFORD LONDON GLASGOW TORONTO MELBR(OURNEWELLINGTON HONG KONG TOKYO KUALA LUMPUR SINGAPORE JAKARTA DELHI BOMBAY CALCUTTA MADRAS KARACHI NAIROBI DAR ES SALAAM CAPE TOWN © 1981 by the InternationalBank for Reconstructionand Development/ The WorldBank 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington,D.C. 20433 U.S.A. All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted in any form or by any means,electronic, mechanical, photocopying,recording, or otherwise,without the prior permissionof Oxford UniversityPress. Manufactured in the United Statesof America. The viewsand interpretationsin this book are the authors' and should not be attributed to the OECD or the World Bank, to their affiliatedorganizations, or to any individual acting in their behalf. The maps have been prepared for the convenienceof readers of this book;the denominationsused and the boundaries showndo not imply, on the part of the OECD, the World Bank, and their affiliates,any judgment on the legal status of any territory or any endorsementor acceptance of such boundaries. Library of Congress Catalogingin PublicationData Zachariah,Kunniparampil Curien, 1924- Migration in West Arica. Bibliography:p. Includes index. 1. Migration,Internal-Africa, West. 2. Africa West-Emigration and immigration.3. Rural-urban migration-Africa, West. 1. Conde, Julien, joint author. 11. InternationalBank for Reconstruction and Development.111. Organization for Economic Cooperationand Development.IV. Title. HB2125.5.A3Z32 804.8'2' 0966 80-21352 ISBN 0-19-520186-8 ISBN 0-19-520187-6(pbk.) Contents Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii 1. Introduction 3 The Scope and Purpose of the Study 3 The Region 4 International Migration 5 Internal Migration 8 Demographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics 9 National Effects of Migration 10 2. Demographic Background 15 Population Growth by Main Natural Regions 17 National Demographic Characteristics 18 3. International Migration 31 Historical Background 31 Recent Trends 34 Consequences of External Migration 44 Causes of Migration 53 Prospects for Migration in West Africa in the 1980s 53 4. Internal Migration 57 Migration between Natural Regions 58 Interregional Internal Migration 58 Principal Areas of In- and Out-migration 59 Characteristics of Internal Migrants 66 5. Rural-Urban Migration 79 Urban Population 80 Rural-Urban Migration: Regional Picture 81 Conclusions 96 Statistical Appendix 99 Bibliography 124 Index 127 v Figures, Maps, and Tables Figures 1. Percentage of Non-Ivoriansamong Total Workersin the Ivory Coast by Age, Sex,and Urban or Rural Residence, 1975 48 2. Ghana: Age Distributionof In-Migrantsto and Out-Migrants from Accra and Volta Regions,1970 68 3. Age Distributionof In-Migrantsto Brong-AhafoRegion in Ghana, 1970, and Gagnoa Department in the Ivory Coast, 1975 69 4. Togo:Net Migration to Urban Areas by Age and Sex, 1960-70 92 Maps (appear in a section following page 18) 1. West Africa 2. Ghana: Population Density by Local Authorities,1970 3. Ivory Coast: Population Densityby Departments, 1975 4. Upper Volta:Population Density by Department, 1975 5. Liberia: Population Density by County, 1974 6. Togo:Population Density by Region, 1970 7. Senegal:Population Densityby Region, 1976 8. Sierra Leone: PopulationDensity by District, 1974 9. The Gambia: PopulationDensity by Local Government Area, 1973 10. Ivory Coast:Lifetime Immigrants by Country of Birth and Region of Enumeration, 1975 11. Ghana: Foreign Nationalsin Ghana by Country of Origin, 1970 12. Senegal:Lifetime Immigrants in 1971 of African Origin in Senegalby Region of Residence 13. West Africa: Principal External Migration Streams,circa 1975 14. Ghana: Lifetime Interregional Migration to Accra and BrongAhafo,1960 and 1970 15. Ivory Coast:Principal Inmigration Streamsto Abidjan Department, 1975 16. Ivory Coast:Principal Outmigration Streamsfrom Bouake Department, 1975 17. Ivory Coast:Departments in Which Lifetime Immigrants Are in Excessof Lifetime Inmigrants, 1975 18. Liberia: Net Lifetime Migration Streams, 1962 19. Liberia: Net Lifetime Migration Streams, 1974 20. Sierra Leone: MigrationStreams to the Western Area from the Districts, 1975 21. Ivory Coast:Total Population.and ProportionUrban by vi Major Regions,1975 Figures, Maps, and Tables vii 22. Ivory Coast: Departments Accordingto Average Distance Movedby Migrants, 1975 Tables 1. Recent Population Censusesin West Africa 4 2. Demographic Indicators of Nine West African Countries 15 3. Trends in DemographicIndicators, 1950-75 16 4. Population by Natural Region, 1975 17 5. Ghana: Population Growth, 1921-70 19 6. Ghana: RegionalDistribution of the Population, Percentage Increase, and Density, 1960-70 19 7. The Ivory Coast: PopulationGrowth, 1920-75 20 8. The Ivory Coast: PopulationGrowth by Region, 1965-75 21 9. Upper Volta:Population Growth, 1961-75 22 10. Upper Volta: Population Distributionand Density by Ethnic Region, 1960-75 23 11. Upper Volta:Resident Population Growth by Ethnic Region, 1960-75 24 12. Liberia: Spatial Distribution,Growth of Population, and Density, 1962-74 25 13. Togo:Resident Population, 1960 and 1970 26 14. Senegal:Total Populationby Region and Density, 1976 27 15. Sierra Leone: Total Population by AdministrativeDistrict, 1963 and 1974 28 16. The Gambia: Total Population as Reported in the Censuses, 1901-73 29 17. The Gambia: Population in Local Government Areas, 1963 and 1973 29 18. Upper Volta:Emigration by Year of Departure and Country of Destination,Retrospective Data Collectedin 1960-61 32 19. Ghana: TogoNationals Born and Enumerated in Ghana, 1905-60 33 20. Foreign Nationalsby Country of Residence,circa 1975 34 21. Foreign Nationalsby Country of Nationality and Country of Enumeration, circa 1975 35 22. Foreign-bornPersons by Country of Birth, circa 1975 36 23. The Ivory Coast: Percentageof Immigrants by Region, 1975 37 24. Ghana: Distributionof Foreign National Immigrants by Region of Enumeration, 1960 and 1970 39 25. Senegal:Lifetime African Immigrants by Region of Residence,1971 40 26. Foreign Nationalsby Country of Nationality,circa 1975 41 27. Principal External Migration Streams,circa 1975 44 28. Net Migration Estimate, circa 1965-75 45 29. Sex Ratiosof Lifetime Immigrants by Age, circa 1975 46 30. Sex Ratiosof Migrants and Total Populationof WorkingAge, circa 1975 46 31. Age Selectivityof Immigrants,circa 1975 47 32. Percentage of Lifetime Immigrants in Total Population by Age Group, circa 1975 48 33. Employment Ratios by MigrationStatus and Sex,Ghana and the Ivory Coast Combined,circa 1975 49 34. Employed Immigrants Aged Fifteen Years and Over by Country of Residenceand Sex,circa 1975 50 35. The Ivory Coast: Percentageof Non-Ivoriansby Occupation, Sex,and Rural or Urban Residence, 1975 51 viii Migration in West Africa 36. The Ivory Coast: Employed Ivorians and Non-Ivorians by Department, 1975 52 37. Workers' Remittances in Selected West African Countries, 1970-74 53 38. Demographic Consequences of External Migration in Selected West African Countries, 1975-85 54 39. Areal Units Used to Define Internal Migration 57 40. Migration between Savanna and Coastal Regions, circa 1975 58 41. Interregional Internal Lifetime Migration, circa 1975 59 42. Principal Areas of Lifetime In-migration and Out-migration 60 43. Internal and External Migration Rates by Groups of Countries, circa 1975 60 44. Ghana: Lifetime Interregional Migration, 1960 and 1970, and Net Period Migration, 1960-70 61 45. The Ivory Coast: Lifetime Internal and External Migration, 1975 62 46. Liberia: Net Gain from Exchange of Population (Both Sexes) between Counties, 1974 62 47. Senegal: Lifetime Interregional Migrants, 1960 and 1971, and Net Migration, 1960-71 63 48. Senegal: Rates of Interregional Period Migration, 1960-71 63 49. Upper Volta: Number and Percentage of Interdepartmental Lifetime Migrants, 1975 64 50. Upper Volta: Net Interdepartmental Exchange of Lifetime Migration, Both Sexes, 1975 64 51. Togo: Lifetime Migrants among the Resident Population by Region of Residence, 1970 65 52. Sierra Leone: Net Migration by Administrative Area, 1963-74 65 53. The Gambia: Lifetime Internal Migration, 1963 and 1973 66 54. Percentage Age Distribution of Migrants and Nonmigrants in Five West African Countries, circa 1975 67 55. Age Distribution of Intraregional and Interregional Migrants and Nonmigrants: Ghana, 1970, and the Ivory Coast, 1975 68 56. Sex Ratios of Migrants and Nonmigrants by Age: Ghana, 1970, and the Ivory Coast, 1975 69 57. Upper Volta: Proportion of Single Male and Female Migrants by Age and Type of Migrant, 1975 70 58. Ghana: Index of Educational Attainment of Male Migrants and Nonmigrants, 1960 and 1970 71 59. Ghana: Index of Educational Attainment of Male Migrants and Nonmigrants by Urban or Rural Birthplace, 1960 71 60. Ghana: Index of Educational Attainment of Male Adult Migrants and Nonmigrants by