Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the Eurasia Tunnel Project Istanbul, Volume II Main Report Final Draft January 2011 ERM Group, Germany and UK ELC-Group, Istanbul Delivering sustainable solutions in a more competitive world Main ESIA Report DRAFT REPORT Avrasya Tüneli İşletme İnşaat ve Yatırım A.Ş. (ATAŞ - the Eurasia Tunnel Operation, Construction and Investment Inc. Co.) Eurasia Tunnel Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Volume II Main Report January 2011 For and on behalf of Environmental Resources Management Approved by: _________________ Karen Raymond Signed: Position: ______________________Principal Partner Date: _________________________ 28st January 2011 This report is confidential to the client and we accept no responsibility of whatsoever nature to third parties to whom this report, or any part thereof, is made known. Any such party relies on the report at their own risk. This report has been prepared by Environmental Resources Management the trading name of Environmental Resources Management Limited, with all reasonable skill, care and diligence within the terms of the Contract with the client, incorporating our General Terms and Conditions of Business and taking account of the resources devoted to it by agreement with the client. We disclaim any responsibility to the client and others in respect of any matters outside the scope of the above. ERM GmbH ELC Group Ltd. Siemensstrasse 9 Kavacık Mah. Şehit Mustafa D-63263 Neu-Isenburg Yazıcı Sok. No:20 Tel.: +49 (0) 61 02/206-0 KAVACIK/ ISTANBUL Fax.: +49 (0) 61 02/206-202 (+9)0 216 465 91 30 (pbx) E-Mail: [email protected] (+9)0 216 465 91 39 (fax) http://www.erm.com E-Mail: [email protected] http://www.elcgroup.com.tr/ Project No. P0106067 Main ESIA Report ERM GmbH Environmental Resources Management CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 1-1 1.1 THE EURASIA TUNNEL PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 1-1 1.2 THE REQUIREMENT FOR ESIA 1-2 1.3 APPROACH TO THE ASSESSMENT 1-4 1.3.1 Overview and Programme 1-4 1.3.2 Screening 1-6 1.3.3 Scoping 1-7 1.3.4 Baseline Studies 1-10 1.3.5 Assessment of Impacts 1-11 1.3.6 Dealing with Uncertainty 1-17 1.3.7 Eurasia Tunnel Environmental and Social Management Plan 1-18 1.3.8 Interface with Project Planning and Design 1-19 1.3.9 Stakeholder Engagement 1-20 1.4 NEXT STEPS 1-21 1.5 STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT 1-23 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2-1 2.1 PROJECT OVERVIEW 2-1 2.1.1 The Project Proponent 2-1 2.1.2 Need for the Project 2-2 2.1.3 Overview of the Scheme 2-3 2.1.4 Implementation Programme 2-4 2.2 BACKGROUND TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROJECT 2-4 2.2.1 Route Selection 2-4 2.2.2 Outline Design Development 2-5 2.2.3 Design and Construction Alternatives 2-5 2.3 PROJECT DESIGN 2-7 2.3.1 Part 1: Kazliçesme to the Bosphorus 2-8 2.3.2 The Toll Plaza 2-14 2.3.3 Operations Building 2-15 2.3.4 Part 2: The Tunnel 2-15 2.3.5 Part 3: Haydarpaşa to Göztepe 2-19 2.3.6 Tunnel Ventilation 2-21 2.3.7 Electricity Supply 2-23 2.3.8 Drainage 2-24 PROJECT NO. P0106067, ATAS JANUARY 2011 EURASIA TUNNEL, ISTANBUL, TURKEY 0-I FINAL DRAFT ERM GmbH Environmental Resources Management 2.3.9 Traffic Management Systems 2-24 2.3.10 Design Codes and Standards 2-24 2.4 CONSTRUCTION PROPOSALS 2-28 2.4.1 Indicative Construction Schedule and Working Hours 2-28 2.4.2 Tunnel Construction 2-29 2.4.3 Approach Road Construction 2-32 2.4.4 Construction Materials 2-34 2.4.5 Spoil Re-use and Disposal 2-35 2.4.6 Site drainage arrangements 2-36 2.4.7 Temporary Construction Areas 2-37 2.4.8 Construction Workforce 2-38 2.4.9 Traffic and Access Management 2-38 2.5 OPERATION 2-39 2.5.1 Management Team 2-39 2.5.2 Traffic Projections 2-40 2.5.3 Toll Collection 2-41 2.5.4 Emergency Planning 2-41 2.5.5 Maintenance 2-46 2.5.6 Operational Employment 2-46 3 ESIA SCOPE 3-1 3.1 INTRODUCTION 3-1 3.2 APPROACH TO SCOPING 3-1 3.3 SCOPING FINDINGS 3-3 3.4 STRUCTURE OF THE ASSESSMENT FINDINGS 3-8 4 LAND USE AND PROPERTY 4-1 4.1 INTRODUCTION 4-1 4.1.1 Scope 4-1 4.1.2 Approach 4-1 4.2 BASELINE 4-2 4.2.1 European Side 4-2 4.2.2 Asian Side 4-8 4.2.3 Future Development along the Project Alignment 4-12 4.3 PERMANENT IMPACTS ON LAND USE, PROPERTY AND PEOPLE 4-12 4.3.1 Permanent Land Take 4-12 4.3.2 Acquisition of Buildings and Impact on Residents and other Users 4-19 PROJECT NO. P0106067, ATAS JANUARY 2011 EURASIA TUNNEL, ISTANBUL, TURKEY 0-II FINAL DRAFT ERM GmbH Environmental Resources Management 4.3.3 Mitigation of Permanent Impacts on Land Use, Property and People 4-22 4.4 ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION OF IMPACTS ON ACCESS TO EXISTING LAND USES 4-26 4.5 TEMPORARY IMPACTS DURING CONSTRUCTION 4-27 5 RESOURCES AND WASTE 5-1 5.1 INTRODUCTION 5-1 5.2 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS 5-1 5.3 SPOIL DISPOSAL AND OTHER WASTE MANAGEMENT 5-2 5.4 OPERATIONAL MATERIALS AND WASTE 5-5 6 GEOLOGY, SOILS AND CONTAMINATED LAND 6-1 6.1 SCOPE 6-1 6.2 INFORMATION SOURCES AND APPROACH 6-1 6.2.1 Geology and Seismic Risk 6-1 6.2.2 Soils and Contaminated Land 6-2 6.3 EXISTING ENVIRONMENT 6-2 6.3.1 Geology 6-2 6.3.2 Seismic Risk 6-4 6.3.3 Liquefaction Risk 6-11 6.3.4 Tsunami Risk 6-12 6.3.5 Soils and Contaminated Land 6-15 6.4 ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS 6-18 6.4.1 Impacts on Geological Features and Land Stability 6-18 6.4.2 Impacts related to Geology and Seismic Risk 6-18 6.4.3 Impacts on Soils 6-18 6.4.4 Risks associated with Contaminated Land 6-19 6.5 MITIGATION MEASURES 6-20 7 THE WATER ENVIRONMENT 7-1 7.1 SCOPE 7-1 7.2 INFORMATION SOURCES AND APPROACH 7-1 7.3 EXISTING ENVIRONMENT 7-1 7.3.1 Surface Water 7-1 7.3.2 Kurbagali Creek (Kurbağalı Dere) 7-3 PROJECT NO. P0106067, ATAS JANUARY 2011 EURASIA TUNNEL, ISTANBUL, TURKEY 0-III FINAL DRAFT ERM GmbH Environmental Resources Management 7.3.3 Flood Risk 7-4 7.3.4 Groundwater 7-5 7.4 ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION OF IMPACTS DURING CONSTRUCTION 7-5 7.4.1 Introduction 7-5 7.4.2 Slurry Treatment Plant 7-6 7.4.3 Risks to Groundwater 7-6 7.4.4 Dewatering 7-7 7.4.5 Discharge of General Site Run-off 7-7 7.4.6 Stream Crossings 7-9 7.4.7 Disposal of Sewage from Construction Workforce 7-10 7.4.8 Wheel Washing 7-10 7.4.9 Accidental Spills and Other Discharges 7-10 7.4.10 Sub-Sea Grouting 7-11 7.5 ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION OF IMPACTS DURING OPERATION 7-11 8 AIR QUALITY 8-1 8.1 INTRODUCTION 8-1 8.2 METHODOLOGY AND INFORMATION SOURCES 8-3 8.2.1 Establishing the Baseline 8-3 8.2.2 Calculating Present and Future Traffic Emissions 8-3 8.2.3 Modelling the Effect of Traffic on Air Quality 8-5 8.2.4 Determining the Magnitude and Evaluating the Significance of Impact 8-6 8.2.5 Mitigation 8-11 8.3 BASELINE SITUATION IN 2009 8-11 8.3.1 Current Air Quality 8-11 8.4 EFFECTS OF EXISTING TRAFFIC ON BASELINE AIR QUALITY IN 2009-10 8-16 8.4.1 Illustrative Modelling Results for 2009 Traffic at selected Cross Sections 8-16 8.5 IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT ON LOCAL AIR QUALITY 8-19 8.5.1 Introduction 8-19 8.5.2 Traffic Flows 8-20 8.5.3 Emissions from Ventilation Shafts 8-22 8.5.4 Impacts on Local Air Quality in 2023 8-22 8.5.5 Predictions for Receptor Locations 8-29 8.6 EVALUATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACTS ON LOCAL AIR QUALITY 8-34 8.7 IMPACTS ON CITY-WIDE AIR QUALITY 8-36 8.7.1 Greenhouse Gas Emissions 8-39 8.7.2 Impacts on Buildings 8-40 PROJECT NO. P0106067, ATAS JANUARY 2011 EURASIA TUNNEL, ISTANBUL, TURKEY 0-IV FINAL DRAFT ERM GmbH Environmental Resources Management 8.8 MITIGATION MEASURES FOR IMPACTS ON AIR QUALITY 8-41 8.9 AIR QUALITY IMPACTS DURING CONSTRUCTION 8-42 8.9.1 Exhaust emissions 8-44 8.9.2 Mitigation Measures during Construction 8-45 9 NOISE AND VIBRATION 9-1 9.1 INTRODUCTION 9-1 9.2 METHODOLOGY AND INFORMATION SOURCES 9-2 9.3 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES 9-7 9.3.1 Turkish Regulations (for further details see Annex C) 9-7 9.3.2 IFC noise standards 9-7 9.3.3 Construction Noise 9-8 9.3.4 Vibration 9-9 9.4 BASELINE SITUATION 2009 9-10 9.4.1 Environmental Noise Measurements for the ESIA 9-10 9.4.2 Sound Propagation Modelling for Current Traffic 9-14 9.5 IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT ON ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE 9-19 9.6 EVALUATION OF THE PROJECT'S IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE 9-22 9.6.1 Summary 9-28 9.7 MITIGATION MEASURES AND RESIDUAL IMPACTS 9-28 9.8 CONSTRUCTION PHASE 9-30 9.8.1 Noise from construction activities 9-30 9.8.2 Construction Site Noise Mitigation 9-34 9.8.3 Noise from Construction Traffic 9-36 9.8.4 Vibration 9-37 10 BIODIVERSITY AND NATURE CONSERVATION 10-1 10.1 INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE 10-1 10.2 METHODOLOGY AND INFORMATION SOURCES 10-1 10.3 BASELINE 10-3 10.3.1 European side 10-3 10.3.2 Asian Side 10-7 10.3.3 Literature review 10-9 10.3.4 Designated and Protected Sites 10-10 10.3.5 Future Baseline 10-11 PROJECT NO.