DigitalResources Electronic Survey Report 2011-024 ® Report on the Haju Subdistrict Survey in Papua, Indonesia Ron Kriens Randy Lebold Jacqualine Menanti Report on the Haju Subdistrict Survey in Papua, Indonesia Ron Kriens, Randy Lebold, and Jacqualine Menanti SIL International 2011 SIL Electronic Survey Report 2011-024, March 2011 Copyright © 2010 Ron Kriens, Randy Lebold, Jacqualine Menanti, and SIL International All rights reserved Contents ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION 1. PREVIOUS WORK 1.1. ASUE AWYU LANGUAGE 1.2. KAYAGAR LANGUAGE 2. SURVEY AREA 2.1. MAP OF SURVEY AREA 2.2. TABLE OF VILLAGES VISITED 3. OBSERVATIONS 3.1. COMMUNICATION AND ELECTRICITY 3.2. TRANSPORTATION 3.2.1. Land Transportation 3.2.2. Water Transportation 3.2.3. Air Transportation 3.3. HEALTH AND MEDICAL 3.4. LIVELIHOOD, ECONOMY, AND INFLUENCE OF 'OUTSIDERS' 3.5. RELIGIOUS SITUATION 3.6. EDUCATION 3.6.1. Total Number of Students 3.6.2. Language Use in School 4. COMMUNITY GROUP QUESTIONNAIRES 4.1. PROCEDURE 4.2. RESULTS 4.2.1. Demography 4.2.2. Development 4.2.3. Language Use 4.2.4. Language Change 4.2.5. Language Preservation 4.2.6. Perceived Similarity and Intercomprehension 4.2.7. Language Attitudes 4.2.8. Language Vitality 5. WORDLISTS 5.1. PROCEDURE 5.2. RESULTS 5.3. COMBINING WORDLIST RESULTS WITH DATA ON REPORTED SIMILARITY 5.3.1. Asue Awyu Language 5.3.2. Kayagar Language 5.4. COMPARISON WITH DATA FROM PREVIOUS SURVEYS 5.4.1. Awyu Asue (and comparison with other Awyu Languages) 5.4.2. Kayagar Language (and comparison with Tamagario) 6. CONCLUSIONS 6.1. LINGUISTIC SITUATION 6.2. SOCIOLINGUISTIC SITUATION 6.3. COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT POSSIBILITIES 6.4. LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT POSSIBILITIES 6.5. FUTURE RESEARCH APPENDIX A: VILLAGE LEADER QUESTIONNAIRE APPENDIX B: SCHOOL QUESTIONNAIRE APPENDIX C: GROUP QUESTIONNAIRE 2 APPENDIX D: RULES FOR LEXICAL SIMILARITY DECISIONS (From Blair 1990) APPENDIX E: MODIFIED RULES FOR LEXICAL SIMILARITY DECISIONS OF PAPUAN WORDLISTS APPENDIX F: WORDLISTS GATHERED DURING THIS SURVEY APPENDIX G: WORDLISTS GATHERED DURING THIS SURVEY(continued): REFERENCES 3 ABSTRACT This report summarizes the findings of a linguistic and sociolinguistic survey conducted in a number of villages in Haju Subdistrict, Merauke Regency, in the province of Papua, Indonesia. Information was gathered by visiting eleven villages. The results indicate that four of these villages use the Asue Awyu language and seven villages use the Kayagar language. Vernacular use remains strong in private domains but national language use is increasing. Further survey is needed in the Kayagar-speaking villages that have not yet been visited to get a more complete picture of internal dialectology of Kayagar, as well as its relationship to the Tamagario language. Dialect intelligibility testing and/or participatory assessment may be needed in the Asue Awyu and Kayagar-speaking language areas to determine the number of language-development programs needed. INTRODUCTION This report summarizes the findings of a survey conducted in 11 villages in Haju Subdistrict, Merauke Regency.1 This survey was conducted by Joseph K. Liem (Kartidaya), Jacqualine Menanti (SIL staff), Benny Rumaropen (trainee), Pontie Ambrauw (trainee), and Hengki Semboari (trainee) during May 19–31, 2002. The purpose of the survey was to determine the language use in each of the indigenous villages in this area. This survey serves as a preliminary step to determine the language-program needs for the languages used. The research questions asked were: • What speech variety is spoken in each village? • What are the sociolinguistic dynamics of the speech community (language attitudes, use, stability, change, vitality, and dialectology)? The methods used to answer the research questions were to collect wordlists in each village to gain a preliminary picture of the relationship among the speech varieties encountered and to use sociolinguistic questionnaires in each village to discover the attitudes of the villagers towards their own language. In addition, four text recordings2 were obtained during this survey. Joseph and Hengki took turns gathering wordlists while the sociolinguistic information was gathered by Jacqualine, Pontie, and Benny. Transportation is the main obstacle to conducting survey in Papua. Therefore, the survey team’s strategy was to follow geographic features, like rivers or roads, rather than necessarily trying to cover a single language in one trip. For this reason, only part of the Awyu Asue and Kayagar 3 language areas were surveyed during this trip. 1 The term 'regency' is used to translate the Indonesian term kabupaten, and the term 'subdistrict' is used to translate the term kecamatan (or distrik). Indonesian provinces are divided administratively into regencies, which are further divided into subdistricts. 2 In certain villages, texts were recorded in order to complement the transcribed wordlists. 3 A synthesized language report for each language (or cluster of languages) will be forthcoming when the total picture for each language is available. 4 1. PREVIOUS WORK 1.1. ASUE AWYU LANGUAGE A number of Asue Awyu [psa]4-speaking villages had already been surveyed within the last couple of years prior to the present survey. The village of Busiri was surveyed in March 2001 as part of the survey of the Wildeman River area. The results of that survey can be found in Kriens 2010. In January 2002, 16 other Asue Awyu speaking villages were visited. The results of that survey can be found in Lebold, Kriens, de Vries, and Rumaropen 2010. Since the previous work on the Asue Awyu language is already mentioned in that report, the information will not be repeated in full here. As mentioned in Lebold, Kriens, de Vries, and Rumaropen (to appear), in the past the Asue Awyu language was referred to by a number of other names. The edition of the Ethnologue current at the time of this survey (Grimes 2000) used the name Miaro Awyu; however, the name Awyu Asue will be used in this report instead of this previous name. The survey team decided to discontinue using the name Awyu Miaro because it is too limited. Most of the people using the Awyu Asue language live on the Asue River and its tributaries, only one of which is the Miaro River. The name of the river and the language is now being written with one ‘s’ (in accordance with the preference of the local people) while the name of the Subdistrict is written with two ‘s’ (Assue) in accordance with how it is spelled in government publications. 1.2. KAYAGAR LANGUAGE In the past, a number of researchers have written about the location of the Kayagar [kyt] language and listed the villages they consider to be Kayagar speaking. Both Voorhoeve (1971) and Silzer and Heikkinen (1984) give identical lists of villages they consider to be Kayagar. Previous research indicates that Kayagar and Tamagario [tcg] are closely-related languages. In fact, Voorhoeve (1971) states that the dialects of Kayagar and Tamagario may prove to be aberrant dialects of one language. The villages of Arare and Pagai, which were visited during the present survey, have been listed as Tamagario-speaking villages by both Voorhoeve and Silzer and Heikkinen (1984). Voorhoeve states that there are two Tamagario dialects: the Tamario dialect spoken in the center of the language area where Arare and Pagai are located, and the Yogo dialect spoken to the north and to the south-west. While the villages of Arare and Pagai have been considered to be Tamagario-speaking villages in the past, it will be shown in this report that the data gathered during this survey suggests that these two villages are better considered Kayagar-speaking villages. In 1987, a survey of the Kayagar-speaking area was conducted by the University of Cenderawasih (UNCEN; Jayapura, Papua) and SIL with reference to beginning a SIL language program. The results of the survey are recorded in an unpublished report, “UNCEN/SIL Survey of the Kayagar Area” written by Eui-Jung Kim, Duane Clouse, and David Price (n.d). The team gathered wordlists and sociolinguistic data in the villages of Amyam (which at that time was a 4 Languages listed in the Ethnologue (Gordon 2005) are additionally referred to by their three-letter ISO 639-3 code. 5 hamlet5 of the village of Jamkap), Kawem (which at that time was a hamlet of the village of Puayo), Kumeru (which at that time was a hamlet of the village of Kundubawa), and Kaibu (which at the time was a hamlet of the village of Haibugir). The team also gathered an Atohwaim [aqm] wordlist in the village of Jauki for comparison. Results of the 1987 survey indicate that Kayagar was used in virtually all domains, including at church. Indonesian, the national language, was only used in school, with government personnel, and with members of the neighboring language groups. The results of the lexical similarity comparison from that survey are shown in Table 1, which is labeled in the following format: language name/hamlet name (village name). Table 1: Percentage of Lexical Similarity (1987 Survey) Kayagar (West)/Kawem (Puayo) 89 Kayagar (North)/Amyam (Yamkap) 81 82 Kayagar (East)/ Kaibu (Haipogira) 77 80 79 Kayagar (South)/Komeru (Kundubawa) 33 32 37 34 Atohwaim/Jauki a This village name was also spelled Haibugir in the 1987 survey report. The name is not found in current government documents. When the team visited the villages of Warogom and Gairipim, the people there reported that these two villages and a third village, Kaibusene (not visited during this survey), were previously merged under the name Haipogir. It is not clear if Kaibusene is the same as “Kaibu” where a Kayagar wordlist was elicited during the 1987 survey. The authors of the 1987 report felt that it was a good time for SIL to begin a language program in the Kayagar area and suggested the village of Kawem as an allocation site.