U3 ^ VERS RARY OU 170615 > m 70 TJ The Oxford Book Of Modern Verse 1892-193; The Oxford Book Of Modern Verse iSpi-ipgr Chosen by W. B. Yeats Oxford At the Clarendon Press Oxfoid University Press^ Amen House ^ London EC 4 GLASGOW N^W \ORK TORONTO MTLBOURNh WELLINGTON BOMBAY CALCUTTA MADRAS CAPE TOWN Geojfiey Cumbeilegey Pubhshei to the Univeisity FIRST PUBLISHED KOVEMBER ig^G P.rriNTID DECEMBER 1936, 1937 , I938, I939 1911, 1942, 1917, 1952 PRINTED IN GREAT BRI-^AIN INTRODUCTION I HAVE tried to include m this book all got _ poets ‘who have lived or died from three I years •before the death of Tennyson to the present moment, except some two or three who belong through the chaiacter of their work to an earlier period. Even a long-lived man has the right to call his own contemporaries modern To the generation which began to think and read in the late eighties of the last century the four poets whose work begins this book were unknown, or, if known, of an earlier generation that did not stir its sympathy Gerard Hopkins remained unpublished for thirty years Fifty- odd years ago I met him in my father’s studio on different occasions, but remember almost nothing A boy of seventeen, Walt Whitman m his pocket, had little interest in a querulous, sensitive scholar. Thomas Hardy’s poems were unwritten or unpublished. Robert Bridges seemed a small Victorian poet whose poetry, pub- lished in expensive hand-printed books, one could find behind glass doors in the houses of wealthy friends I will consider the genius of these three when the development of schools gives them great influence Wilfrid Blunt one knew through the report of friends as a fashionable INTRODUCTION amateur who had sacrificed a capacity for litera- ture and the visible arts to personal adventure Some ten years had to pass before anybody understood that certain sonnets, lyrics, stan- zas of his were permanent in our literature A young man, London bred or just larrived there, would have felt himself repelled by the hard, cold energy of Henley's verse, called it rhetoric, or associated it in some way with that propa- ganda whereby Henley, through the vehicle of a weekly review and a magazine that were finan- cial failures, had turned the young men at Ox- ford and Cambridge into imperialists ‘Why should I respect Henley^' said to me Clement Shorter ‘I sell two hundred thousand copies a week of The Sphere^ the circulation of The 'National Observer fell to two hundred at the end ' Henley lay upon the sofa, crippled by his incautious youth, dragged his body, crutch- supported, between two rooms, imagining im- perial might For a young man, struggling for expression, despairing of achievement, he re- mained hidden behind his too obvious effective- ness Nor would that young man have felt anything but contempt for the poetry of Oscar Wilde, considering it an exaggeration of every Victorian fault, nor, except in the case of one poem not then written, has time corrected the verdict, Wilde, a man of action, a born drama- VI ' INTRODUCTION tistj finding himself overshadowed by old famous men he could not attack, for he was oP their time and shared its admirations, tricked and clowned to draw attention to himself Even when disaster struck him down it could not wholly clear his soul. Now that I have plucked from the Ballad of Reading Gaol its foreign feathers it shows a stark realism akin to that of Thomas Hardy, the contrary to all its author deliberately sought I plucked out even famous lines because, effective in themselves, put into the Ballad they become artificial, trivial, arbitrary, a work of art can have but one subject. Yet each man kills the thing he loves, By each let this be heard, Some do it with a bitter look, Some with a flattering word T he coward does it with a kiss. The brave man with a sword Some kill their love when they are young, And some when they are old, Some strangle with the hands of Lust, Some with the hands of Gold The kindest use a knife, because The dead so soon grow cold I have stood in judgement upon Wilde, bring- ing into the light a great, or almost gieat poem, as he himself had done had he lived, my work gave me that privilege. Vll INTRODUCTION II All these writers were, in the eye of the new generation, in so far as they were known, Vic- torian, and the new generation was* jn revolt. But one writer, almost unknown to fhe general public— I remember somebody saying at his death ‘no newspaper has given him an obituary notice’—had its entire uncritical admiration, Walter Pater That is why I begin this book with the famous passage from his essay on Leonardo da Vinci Only by printing it in vers Itbre can one show its revolutionary importance. Pater was accustomed to give each sentence a separate page ofmanuscript, isolating and analys- ing Its rhythm, Henley wrote certain ‘hospital poems,’ not included in this book, in vers hbre^ thinking of his dramatic, everyday material, in that an innovator, but did not permit a poem to arise out of its own rhythm as do Turner and Pound at their best and as, I contend, Pafer did. I shall presently discuss the meaning of this passage which dominated a generation, a domina- tion so great that all over Europe from that day to this men shrink from Leonardo’s master- piece as from an over-flattered woman. For the moment I am content to recall one later writer: O wha’s been here afore me, lass, And hoo did he get inf vui — INTRODUCTION The revolt against Victorianism meant to the young poet a revolt against irrelevant descrip-, tions of nature, the scientific and moral discur- siveness of In Memonam—‘When he should have been broken-hearted,’ said Verlaine, ‘he had many reminiscences’—the political elo- quence of Swinburne, the psychological curio- sity of Browning, and the poetical diction of everybody. Poets said to one another over their black coffee—a recently imported fashion ‘We must purify poetry of all that is not poetry’, and by poetry they meant poetry as it had been written by Catullus, a great name at that time, by the Jacobean writers, by Verlaine, by Baudelaire. Poetry was a tradition like religion and liable to corruption, and it seemed that they could best restore it by writing lyrics technically peifect, their emotion pitched high, and as Pater offered instead of moral earnestness life lived as ‘a pure gem-like flame’ all accepted him for master But’ every light has its shadow, we tumble out of one pickle into another, the ‘pure gem-like flame’ was an insufiicient motive, the sons of men who had admired Garibaldi or applauded the speeches of John Bright, picked Ophelias out of the gutter, who knew exactly what they wanted and had no intention of committing suicide. My father gave these young men their right name. When I had described a supper — INTRODUCTION with Count Stenbock, scholar, connoisseur, drunkard, poet, pervert, most charming of men, he said ‘they are the Hamlets of our age’. Some of these Hamlets went mad, some drank, drink- ing not as happy men drink but in sojitude, all had courage, all suffered public oppVobrium generally for their virtues or for sins they did not commit—all had good manners. Good manners in written and spoken word— were an essen- tial part of their tradition ‘Life’, said Lionel Johnson, ‘must be a ritual’ , all in the presence of women or even with one another put aside their perplexities , all had gaiety, some had wit Unto us they belong. To us the bitter and gay. Wine and woman and song Some turned Catholic—that too was a tradition. I read out at a meeting of The Rhymers’ Club a letter describing Meynell’s discovery of Francis Thompson, at that time still bedded under his railway arch, then his still unpublished Ode to the Setting Sun But Francis Thompson had been born a Catholic, Lionel Johnson was the first convert, Dowson adopted a Catholic point of view without, I think, joining that church, an act requiring energy and decision. Occasionally at some evening party some young woman asked a poet what he thought of INTRODUCTION strikes, or declared that to paint pictures or write poetry at such a moment was to resemble the fiddler Nero, for great meetings of revolu- tionary Socialists were disturbing Trafalgar Square on* Sunday afternoons; a young man known to most of us told some such party that he had stood before a desk in an office not far from Southampton Row resolved to protect it with his life because it contained documents that would hang William Moms, and wound up by promising a revolution in six months. Shelley must have had some such immediate circle when he wrote to friends urging them to with- draw their money from the Funds. We poets continued to write verse and read it out at ‘The Cheshire Cheese’, convinced that to take part in such movements would be only less disgraceful than to write for the newspapers. Ill The'n in 1900 everybody got down off his stilts, henceforth nobody drank absinthe with his black coffee; nobody went mad, nobody committed suicide, nobody joined the Catholic church; or if they did I have forgotten. Victonanism had been defeated, though two writers dominated the moment who had never heard of that defeat or did not believe in it; Rudyard Kipling and William Watson.