CMYK RGB History of Geo- and Space Open Access Open Sciences Advances in Science & Research Open Access Proceedings Drinking Water Drinking Water Engineering and Science Engineering and Science Open Access Access Open Discussions Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussions Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., 5, 585–705, Earth 2012 System Earth System www.earth-syst-sci-data-discuss.net/5/585/2012/ Science Science doi:10.5194/essdd-5-585-2012 ESSDD © Author(s) 2012. CC Attribution 3.0 License. 5, 585–705, 2012 Open Access Open Open Access Open Data Data This discussion paper is/has been under review for the journal Earth System Science Discussions Polar measurements Data (ESSD). Please refer to the corresponding final paper in ESSD if available. Social Social R. Sander and Open Access Open Geography Open Access Open Geography J. Bottenheim A compilation of tropospheric Title Page measurements of gas-phase and Abstract Instruments aerosol chemistry in polar regions Data Provenance & Structure Tables Figures R. Sander1 and J. Bottenheim2 1 Air Chemistry Department, Max-Planck Institute of Chemistry, J I P.O. Box 3060, 55020 Mainz, Germany 2Environment Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto M3H 5T4, Canada J I Received: 16 July 2012 – Accepted: 18 July 2012 – Published: 3 August 2012 Back Close Correspondence to: R. Sander ([email protected]) Full Screen / Esc Published by Copernicus Publications. Printer-friendly Version Interactive Discussion 585 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Abstract ESSDD Measurements of atmospheric chemistry in polar regions have been made for more than half a century. Probably the first Antarctic ozone data were recorded in 1958 dur- 5, 585–705, 2012 ing the International Geophysical Year. Since then, many measurement campaigns 5 followed, and the results are now spread over many publications in several journals. Polar measurements Here, we have compiled measurements of tropospheric gas-phase and aerosol chem- istry made in the Arctic and the Antarctic. It is hoped that this data collection is worth R. Sander and more than the sum of its components and serves as a basis for future analyses of J. Bottenheim spatial and temporal trends in polar atmospheric chemistry. Title Page 10 1 Introduction Abstract Instruments Atmospheric chemists have been investigating several phenomena in the troposphere Data Provenance & Structure of polar regions. Early studies focused on ozone (Roscoe and Roscoe, 2006). Later, Arctic haze was a major research topic for several decades (Raatz, 1984; Quinn et al., Tables Figures 2007). More recently, bromine-induced ozone depletion events (Barrie et al., 1988; 15 Simpson et al., 2007b) and mercury depletion events (Schroeder et al., 1998; Stef- J I fen et al., 2008) were discovered. Many measurements of tropospheric gas-phase and aerosol chemistry in polar regions have been made and subsequently published in J I miscellaneous journals. In this work, we attempt to provide an overview of these mea- Back Close surements. The tables do not claim completeness but it is hoped they they can serve 20 as a starting point when searching for data of a particular compound. This work is an Full Screen / Esc update of the data compilation that was published as a supplement to Simpson et al. (2007b) which only contained measurements until 2007. Printer-friendly Version Interactive Discussion 586 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | 2 Literature data ESSDD The collection includes chemical measurements in the troposphere of the polar re- gions. Abbreviations and acronyms used in the tables are defined in Table 1. The mea- 5, 585–705, 2012 surement sites in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere are listed in Tables 2 and 5 3, respectively. They are also shown in the map of Fig. 1. To facilitate the discrimina- Polar measurements tion between the hemispheres, abbreviations for Arctic measurement sites are printed in black upper-case letters (e.g., “BA” for Barrow), while those for Antarctic sites are R. Sander and shown in red lower-case letters (e.g., “ha” for Halley). J. Bottenheim Gas-phase data are shown in Table 4. The entries are sorted by elements in the 10 following order: Title Page – oxygen and hydrogen (e.g., ozone, OH) Abstract Instruments – nitrogen (e.g., NO2) Data Provenance & Structure – carbon: C, H (alkanes) Tables Figures – carbon: C, H (unsaturated) 15 – carbon: C, H, O (e.g., alcohols, aldehydes, acids) J I – carbon: C, H, O, N (e.g., PAN) J I – fluorine (CFCs) Back Close – chlorine (inorganic and organic) Full Screen / Esc – bromine (inorganic and organic) Printer-friendly Version 20 – iodine (inorganic and organic) Interactive Discussion – sulfur (inorganic and organic) – mercury 587 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Aerosol data are shown in Table 5. The entries are sorted by elements in the following order: ESSDD − – nitrogen (e.g., NO3 ) 5, 585–705, 2012 – fluorine 5 – chlorine Polar measurements – bromine R. Sander and J. Bottenheim – iodine 2− – sulfur (SO4 , MSA) Title Page – carbon (black carbon, organic acids) Abstract Instruments 10 – metals (alphabetically sorted by element symbol) If the publication presents the mean, median or range of the measurements, these Data Provenance & Structure values are shown in the tables. Otherwise, the reader needs to refer to the original Tables Figures paper for more information. The units reported here are mostly the same as in the original publication. However, in a few cases concentrations in [ng m−3] were converted −1 J I 15 to mixing ratios assuming a molar volume of 20 lmol for the cold air. To keep the size of the collection within reasonable limits, the following data are J I excluded: Back Close – Meteorological data (e.g., temperature, pressure, humidity, wind speed) are ex- cluded. Only chemical measurements are listed. Full Screen / Esc 20 – The compilation is restricted to atmospheric data, snow-chemistry is not included. Printer-friendly Version – Only tropospheric chemistry is included. Publications about stratospheric data, which are mostly related to ozone depletion and climate change, are excluded. Interactive Discussion – CO2 is not included because gathering all data for this species would be beyond the scope of this work. 588 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | 3 Data on the internet ESSDD In addition to the data presented in the literature, there are several web sites providing large data sets. The information presented here is mostly taken from their web pages: 5, 585–705, 2012 – http://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/wdcgg Polar measurements 5 The World Data Centre for Greenhouse Gases (WDCGG) is established under the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) programme to collect, archive and provide R. Sander and data for greenhouse (CO2, CH4, CFCs, N2O, etc.) and related (CO, NOx, SO2, J. Bottenheim VOC, etc.) gases and surface ozone in the atmosphere and ocean, measured un- der GAW and other programmes. From the web site, information including mea- 10 surement data can be obtained that have been contributed by organizations and Title Page individual researchers in the world. Abstract Instruments – http://www.gaw-wdca.org The World Data Centre for Aerosols (WDCA) is the data repository and archive Data Provenance & Structure for microphysical, optical, and chemical properties of atmospheric aerosol of the Tables Figures 15 World Meteorological Organisation’s (WMO) Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) programme. J I – http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/iadv/ J I The Interactive Atmospheric Data Visualization web page provides data for CH4, CO, CO2,H2,N2O, SF6, and other gases. The global coverage includes several Back Close 20 Arctic and Antarctic stations. Full Screen / Esc – http://www.amap.no/Assessment/ScientificBackground.htm The Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) offers several scien- Printer-friendly Version tific reports. Interactive Discussion – http://www-lgge.obs.ujf-grenoble.fr/CESOA/article.php3?id article=56 25 Data sets for Concordia and Dumont d’Urville (in French, registration required). 589 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | – http://saga.pmel.noaa.gov/data The Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) Atmospheric Chemistry ESSDD Data Server provides data sets for several cruises. Some of them include data 5, 585–705, 2012 from polar regions, e.g., RITS93, RITS94, ICEALOT. 5 – http://www.nilu.no/projects/ccc/emepdata.html Polar measurements The EMEP (European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme) webpage contains some Arctic data sets, e.g. ozone, heavy metals, and persistent organic pollutants R. Sander and (POPs) for Iceland and Spitzbergen. J. Bottenheim Acknowledgements. For helpful discussions and for pointing out miscellaneous data sets we 10 would like to thank Jon Abbatt, Cort Anastasio, Parisa Ariya, Harry Beine, Torunn Berg, Lucy Title Page Carpenter, Gao Chen, Kevin Clemitshaw, Jack Dibb, Florent Domine, Ralf Ebinghaus, Markus Frey, Udo Friess, Dwayne Heard, Detlev Helmig, Manuel Hutterli, Hans-Werner Jacobi, Jean Abstract Instruments Luc Jaffrezo, Anna Jones, Lars Kaleschke, Karin Kreher, Michel Legrand, Samuel Morin, Lau- rier Poissant, Andreas Richter, Alfonso Saiz-Lopez, Joel Savarino, Anja Schonhardt,¨ Paul Shep- Data Provenance & Structure 15 son, Holger Sihler, Henrik Skov, Franz Slemr, Sverre Solberg, Alexandra Steffen, Bill Sturges, Roland von