AA CaseCase StudyStudy inin Agility:Agility: HeinzHeinz Guderian’sGuderian’s SpearheadSpearhead AdvanceAdvance intointo France,France, 19401940 88th ICCRTSICCRTS 1717--1919 June,June, 20032003 Presented by Steven M. Beres and Eric J. Cochrane Evidence Based Research, Inc. [email protected] [email protected] 703-893-6800 AgendaAgenda IntroductionIntroduction AgilityAgility OverviewOverview NCWNCW ConceptualConceptual FrameworkFramework ApproachApproach CaseCase StudyStudy BackgroundBackground Guderian’sGuderian’s AdvanceAdvance intointo FranceFrance ExamplesExamples ofof C2C2 AgilityAgility UsingUsing GuderianGuderian andand thethe XIXXIX PanzerPanzer CorpsCorps What’sWhat’s Next?Next? ReferencesReferences 2 IntroductionIntroduction SecretarySecretary RumsfeldRumsfeld:: “Preparing“Preparing forfor thethe futurefuture willwill requirerequire usus toto thinkthink differentlydifferently andand developdevelop thethe kindskinds ofof forcesforces andand capabilitiescapabilities thatthat cancan adaptadapt quicklyquickly toto newnew challengeschallenges andand toto unexpectedunexpected circumstances”circumstances”[1][1] [1] Cable News Network. “Rumsfeld Presses for More Agile Military”. January 31 2002. http://www.cnn.com/2002/US/01/31/rumsfeld.speech/?related 3 AgilityAgility ofof C2C2 ProcessProcess Definition:Definition: quickquick andand gracefulgraceful inin movement;movement; nimblenimble InIn aa militarymilitary context:context: thethe abilityability toto bebe effectiveeffective inin changing,changing, nonlinear,nonlinear, uncertain,uncertain, andand unpredictableunpredictable environmentsenvironments AgilityAgility isis aa propertyproperty ofof bothboth forceforce elementselements andand C2C2 processesprocesses ForceForce elementselements cannotcannot bebe effectiveeffective withoutwithout agileagile C2C2 C2C2 processesprocesses cannotcannot bebe effectiveeffective withoutwithout anan agileagile forceforce AgilityAgility alwaysalways assumesassumes effectivenesseffectiveness 4 Agility:Agility: AttributesAttributes andand DefinitionsDefinitions Robustness:Robustness: thethe abilityability toto maintainmaintain effectivenesseffectiveness acrossacross aa rangerange ofof tasks,tasks, situations,situations, andand conditionsconditions Resilience:Resilience: thethe abilityability toto recoverrecover fromfrom oror adjustadjust toto misfortunemisfortune oror damagedamage thethe abilityability toto degradedegrade gracefullygracefully underunder attackattack oror asas aa resultresult ofof partialpartial failurefailure Responsiveness:Responsiveness: abilityability toto reactreact toto aa changechange inin thethe environmentenvironment inin aa timelytimely mannermanner 5 Agility:Agility: AttributesAttributes andand DefinitionsDefinitions Flexibility:Flexibility: thethe abilityability toto identifyidentify multiplemultiple waysways toto succeedsucceed thethe capacitycapacity toto movemove seamlesslyseamlessly betweenbetween themthem InnovationInnovation thethe abilityability toto dodo newnew thingsthings thethe abilityability toto dodo oldold thingsthings inin newnew waysways AdaptivenessAdaptiveness:: thethe abilityability toto changechange thethe workwork processprocess thethe abilityability toto changechange thethe organizationorganization 6 NCWNCW ConceptualConceptual FrameworkFramework Information Value Added Sources Services Force C2 Effectors Quality of Organic Quality of Networking Information Degree of Networking Net Readiness of Nodes Degree of Information “Share-ability” Quality of Individual Information Degree of Shared Information Quality of Individual Sensemaking Quality Degree of Shared Sensemaking Individual Awareness of Shared Awareness Inter- Individual Understanding actions Shared Understanding Individual Decisions Collaborative Decisions Physical Domain ty Degree of Decision/ Synchronization li gi A 2 Information Domain C Degree of Actions/ Entities Synchronized ty Cognitive Domain ili g A e Social Domain rc o Degree of Effectiveness F ApproachApproach CaseCase StudyStudy MethodologyMethodology BasedBased onon workwork ofof Dr.Dr. RobertRobert YinYin onon casecase studystudy designdesign andand methodsmethods Definition/Problem Design of case study Data collection Data analysis Reporting ImportantImportant toto keepkeep aa casecase studystudy inin thethe contextcontext ofof whenwhen itit occurredoccurred 8 WhyWhy GuderianGuderian?? RevolutionRevolution inin militarymilitary affairsaffairs First major use of maneuver warfare Parallels “transformation” AbundanceAbundance ofof datadata Primary and secondary sources Previous studies New material released (communications, daily logs, after action reports) ManyMany differentdifferent representationsrepresentations ofof AgilityAgility throughoutthroughout thethe operationoperation 9 CaseCase StudyStudy BackgroundBackground TheThe WarWar StartedStarted inin 19391939 The Advance into France was not a surprise The Blitzkrieg tactics were seen before GuderianGuderian isis seenseen asas thethe fatherfather ofof thethe BlitzkriegBlitzkrieg Tank exercises were conducted since the early 1920’s Strategy was old, the tactics were new 10 11 12 13 14 15 Agility:Agility: RobustnessRobustness RobustnessRobustness thethe abilityability toto maintainmaintain effectivenesseffectiveness acrossacross aa rangerange ofof tasks,tasks, situations,situations, andand conditionsconditions ExampleExample usingusing GuderianGuderian andand XIXXIX CorpsCorps XIXXIX CorpsCorps waswas robustrobust inin thethe factfact theythey werewere ableable toto achieveachieve theirtheir goalsgoals whilewhile advancingadvancing throughthrough thethe difficult,difficult, andand uncertainuncertain terrainterrain inin thethe Ardennes,Ardennes, duringduring thethe riverriver crossing,crossing, andand effectiveeffective maneuvermaneuver afterafter crossing.crossing. 16 Agility:Agility: ResilienceResilience ResilienceResilience thethe abilityability toto recoverrecover fromfrom oror adjustadjust toto misfortunemisfortune oror damagedamage thethe abilityability toto degradedegrade gracefullygracefully underunder attackattack oror asas aa resultresult ofof partialpartial failurefailure ExampleExample usingusing GuderianGuderian andand thethe XIXXIX CorpsCorps TheyThey werewere resilientresilient byby beingbeing ableable toto bouncebounce backback afterafter thethe 2nd2nd panzerpanzer waswas delayeddelayed thenthen movedmoved toto aa supportingsupporting rolerole ofof thethe 10th10th armored.armored. 17 Agility:Agility: ResponsivenessResponsiveness ResponsivenessResponsiveness abilityability toto reactreact toto aa changechange inin thethe environmentenvironment inin aa timelytimely mannermanner ExampleExample usingusing GuderianGuderian andand thethe XIXXIX CorpsCorps TheyThey werewere responsiveresponsive byby rapidlyrapidly reactingreacting toto aa developingdeveloping threateningthreatening situationsituation onon thethe southernsouthern flank.flank. 18 Agility:Agility: FlexibilityFlexibility FlexibilityFlexibility thethe abilityability toto identifyidentify multiplemultiple waysways toto succeedsucceed thethe capacitycapacity toto movemove seamlesslyseamlessly betweenbetween themthem ExampleExample usingusing GuderianGuderian andand thethe XIXXIX CorpsCorps TheyThey werewere flexibleflexible byby identifyingidentifying fivefive differentdifferent locationslocations forfor riverriver crossings,crossings, werewere ableable toto exploitexploit three,three, andand ableable toto adjustadjust accordinglyaccordingly onon thethe oppositeopposite bank.bank. 19 Agility:Agility: InnovationInnovation InnovationInnovation thethe abilityability toto dodo newnew thingsthings thethe abilityability toto dodo oldold thingsthings inin newnew waysways ExampleExample usingusing GuderianGuderian andand thethe XIXXIX CorpsCorps UsingUsing armorarmor atat thethe forefrontforefront supportedsupported byby infantryinfantry waswas innovativeinnovative 20 Agility:Agility: AdaptivenessAdaptiveness AdaptivenessAdaptiveness thethe abilityability toto changechange thethe workwork processprocess thethe abilityability toto changechange thethe organizationorganization ExampleExample usingusing GuderianGuderian andand thethe XIXXIX CorpsCorps DuringDuring thethe crossing,crossing, theythey werewere adaptiveadaptive byby movingmoving thethe PanzersPanzers toto aa supportingsupporting role,role, andand thenthen asas theythey crossed,crossed, immediatelyimmediately backback toto thethe primaryprimary rolerole thethe GermanGerman doctrinedoctrine supported.supported. 21 What’sWhat’s Next?Next? WeWe needneed toto recognizerecognize andand measuremeasure AgilityAgility QuantitativeQuantitative andand qualitativequalitative metricsmetrics EstablishEstablish aa baselinebaseline forfor furtherfurther researchresearch ContinueContinue explorationexploration ofof attributesattributes ofof AgilityAgility 22 ReferencesReferences Alberts David S. and Richard E. Hayes. Power to the Edge: Command…Control…and the Information Age. CCRP Publication Series. Washington DC. Builder, Carol H., Steven C. Bankes, and Richard Nordin. Command Concepts: A Theory Derived from the Practice of Command and Control RAND. [1] Cable News Network. “Rumsfeld Presses for More Agile Military”. January 31 2002. http://www.cnn.com/2002/US/01/31/rumsfeld.speech/?relatedhttp://www.cnn.com/2002/US/01/31/rumsfeld.speech/?related Guderian, Heinz. Constantine Fitzgibbon (trans.) Panzer Leader.Leader. Da Capo Press: New York. Network Centric Warfare Conceptual Framework. Network Centric Warfare and Network Enabled Capabilities Workshop: Overview of Major Findings. Dec 17-19, 2002. OSD(C3I) in conjunction with RAND and EBR, Inc. Macksey, Kenneth. Guderian: Creator of the Blitzkrieg Stein and Day, New York. Margolis, Eric How to Fight and Win a War” (http://www.foreigncorrespondent.com/archive/sedan.html) Shimp, Chris. France 1940 (http://www.sandiego.edu/~cshimp/france_1940.htm) 23.