OHIO ALLEY EDITORIAL BOARD HIS'/ORY · STAFF Compton Allyn Christine 1..Heyrman joseph R Reidy Cincimiati Museum Center Editors University of Delaware Howard University History Advisory Board Wayne K. Durrill J. Blaine Hudson Steven J. Ross Christopher Phillips Stephen Aron University of 1 ouisuille University of ilitbern Department of History University of Califoynia Califwma R. Douglas Hurt University of Cincinnati al Los Angeles Iowa State University Harry N. Scheiber Joan E. Cashin University of Calif,) Managing Editors James C. Klotter rnia Obio State Umversity Berkeley Jennifer Reiss Georgetown College at The Filson Historical Society Andrew R. L. Cayton Steven M. S[o,ve Bruce I.evine Mioinj University indiana Uliwer:ity Ruby Rogers University of California Cincinnati Museum Center R. David Edmunds at Santa Ci·Hz Roger D. Tate University of Texas at Dallas Somerset Commitility Editon'at Assistant Zane L. Miller College Kelly Wright Ellen T. Eslinger Ultiversit,of Cincinnati DePatil Uiliversity Joe W.Trotter,Jr. Department of History Elizabeth A. Perkins University of Cilicilinati Caniegie Mellon University Craig T Friend Centre College University of Central Florida Altina Waller A. Ramage James University of Connecticut Northern Kentucky U,iiversity C]NCINNATI MUSEUM CENTER THE F[i.SON HIS7'ORICAL BOARD OF TRUSTEES SOC[ETY BOAR!)01: DIRECTORS Cbair Helen Black Robert E Kistinger President H. C. Buck Niehoff David Bohi Laura Long Dr. R. Ted Steinbock Ronald D. Brown Steven R. Love Past Chair Vice-President Otto M. Budig,Jr. Craig Maier Valerie L. Newell Emily S. Bingham Brian Carley Shenan R Murphy Chairs Vice Richard 0. Coleman Robert Olson Secretary-Treasurer Ken Lowe Bob Coughlin Scott Robertson Henry Ormsby Greg Kenny Diane L. 1)ewbrey Elizabeth York Schiff Director Ronald Tysoe Mai·tint R. Dunn Steve C. Steinman Mark V. Wetherington Jane Garvey Jane Garvey Merrie Stewart Stillpass Turney R Berry Treasurer Charles H. Gerhardt, 111 John T. Taylor Sandra A. Frazier Dee Gettler James L. Turner William C. Port:nan, ll[ Michael N. Harreld Leslie Hardy George H. Vincent Secirtaiy J. Blaine Hudson R. Keith Harrison Charles Westheimer Jennifer R Mooney Daniel H. Jones John W. Hauck Margaret Barr Kulp President and CEO Mark J. H auser Thomas T. Noland,Jr. Douglass W.McDonald Timothy E. Hoberg Barbara Rodes Robinson Vice President of Museums Nicholas X. Simon John E. Fleming j. Walker Suites, Ill Dace Brown Stubbs David Y.Wood Ronald R. Van Stockum,Jr. Ohio Valley History SSN([ Societ>·,1310 S. Third Street, Department oi History, subscripnon to Ohio Valley 746-3472) is published in Louisville, Kenrucky,40208. University of Cincinnati. 1 Iistory. Back issues are $8.00. 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For information The Cincinnati, Ohio, with an iic. admission and membership fees. more on Filson Historical Society, addirionwl entry a[ Louisville, Ohio Valley Hstory is a Memberships oi Cincinnati Kentucky collabora[ion of The Filson History Museum ar Cincinnati including membership,visit The Filson Postinaster send address Historical Society, Cincinnati Museum Center or www.filsonhistorical.org or call 502-635-5083. changes zo The Fitson Hisrorical Museum Cenrer,and the Historical Society include a 0 C.inci„„a[i Muctim Center and 7-be Filso„HistoricnI Society 2003. OHIO VALLEY HISTORY OHIO VALLEY HISTORY Volume 3, Number 3, Fa]12003 A Journal of the History and Culture of the Ohio Valley and the Upper South,published in Cincinnati, Ohio, and Louisville, Kentucky,by Cincinnati Museum Center and The Filson Historical Society, Inc. Contents mischief which the Indians It is the cause of all suffer':Native Americans and Alcohol Abuse in the Old Northwest Randy Mills 3 Religion in the Classroom: The Great Bible Wars in Nineteenth Century Cincinnati 17 Margaret DePal*na It Was North of Tennessee':African American Migration to Louisville and the Meaning of the South Luther Adams 37 Transylvania University President Horace Holley's Carriage Journey from Connecticut to Kentucky in 1822 I. B. Holley 53 Reviews 73 Cover:View of 84 Cincinnati from the Upcoming Events Kentucky shore. Tbe Filson Historical Society 1 FALL 2003 Contributors RANDY Mn.I.S is Professor of History at Oakland City University in Oakland City,Indiana. This is his second published article in 0bio Valley Histc,ry. MARGARET DEPALMA is an independent scholar living in Washington,D.C. She received her Ph.D. in history from Miami University in Oxford, Ohio. Her article derives from her book, Dialogue on tbe Frontier:Catholic and Protestant Relations, 1793-1883, forthcoming from Kent State University Press. LUTHER ADAMS is Assistant Professor of History at the University of Washington at Tacoma. This article is derived from a paper presented at the Filson Institute for the Advanced Study of Kentucky,the Ohio Vglley, and the Upper South,Constructing " and Reconstructing a Region: 21st Century Approaches to the Ohio Valley's History,"held May 16-17,2003, at the Filson Historical Society. I.B. HoLi»Ey,JR.,is Professor of History,Emeritus, at Duke University. He is a descendant of Horace Holley. 2 OHIO VALLEY HISTORY of all mischief It is the cause which the Indians suffer": Native Americans and Alcohol Abuse in tbe Old Northwest. RANDY MIll.S rtier accounts vary as to whether excessive drinking on the part of many Native American groups stemmed from biological or cultural factors or resulted from the influence of both forces. Recent research, however,has tended to focus on the latter viewpoint: Historical accounts do indicate that the tendency of tribal groups to drink to excess in the area of the Old Northwest became an especially troubling problem as tribes came into closer contact with newly arriving white settlers. Both white officials such as Indiana Territorial Governor William Henry Harrison,and Native Am (3 ri- can leaders such as Tecumseh and his brother the Prophet, wrestled wit]1 this dilemma. Unfortunately,much of this 1,1, 21 sad and important story has been for- But early often aA- gotten. reports YO=: 4- - - brimmed with lengthy and concerned accounts regarding excessive drinking on the part of many Native Americans. And although early witnesses to the problem did not understand the bio- logical and cultural dimensions of 7 many Native Americans'apparent dis- position to addiction, they certainly observed its devastating effects. records show fiE# . As early as 1777, a 1, - F///iSCK.'«.4„ _- 111 Cahokia chief named Patoka explain- 2--* 1_ _-101* - ing to white authorities at a court of inquiry at Kaskaskia in the Illinois 1' W,. 11'!i,1...'.C'" 4(' 1, I i '.' t'" I i('(il 1' i .1'/.. country how our young men never wish to see [alcoholl when they are in winter quarters, because they drink up Illustraticm of a Frencli babitation iii tbe country f{) all their peltries and then their women and children go all naked."3 Two Illitiois,pi,blisbed in A years later at the Court" of the District of Kaskaskia in the County of Illi- Journey iii North America in 1 816. Tbe Filso,1 nois,"the civil issued hurried proclamation in to the governor a response Historical Society growing problem of excessive drinking among Indians. The decree prohib- ited the sale of "any intoxicating liquors or drinks under any pretext whatso- FALL 2003 IT IS THE CAUSE OF ALL MISCHIEF WHICH THE INDIANS SUFFER" and howsoever ever in small quantities"to any tribal groups or individuals: Meanwhile,Father Pierre Gibault at the old French trading post of Vincennes complained to his superior,the Bishop of Quebec, in 1786 of the accursed" trade alcohol] in [ which I cannot succeed in uprooting and which obliges me to refuse the sacraments in general, for the Indians commit horrible disorder when liquor, in especially those of these nations here."5 As more Americans trickled into the region, the problem seemed to worsen. Joseph Buell,also at offered Vincennes, one especially vivid observation while serving as an or- derly Colonel sergeant in Harmar's regiment in 1787. The " Indians came again to our camp. A band of warriors marched in front painted for battle... and commenced a dance round our flag staff....After performing...they went to the Colonel's marque, and danced in the hot sun, drinking whisky at the same time, until all were as drunk as they could be and stand on their feet. They then staggered into town, where I saw them fighting and dragging each other through the mud and dirt of the streets."6 Roughly a decade later a French visitor,Constantin Volney,passed through the same community and offered his observations regarding the destructive effects of excessive drink- The ing. " men and women roamed all day about the town,merely to get rum, for which they eagerly exchanged their peitry,their toys, their clothes,and at length, when they had parted with their all, they offered their prayers and entreaties,never ceasing to drink till they had lost their senses....We found them in the streets by dozens in the morning, wallowing in the filth with the pigs."Volney also noted how binge drinking without restraint often led to deadly encounters. It "was rare for a day to pass without a deadly quarrel,by which about ten men lose their lives yearly.