DISSERTATION Titel der Dissertation „When Sūtra Meets Tantra – Sgam po pa’s Four Dharma Doctrine as an Example for his Synthesis of the Bka’ gdams- and Mahāmudrā-Systems“ Verfasser Mag. Rolf Scheuermann angestrebter akademischer Grad Doktor der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) Wien, 2015 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 792 389 392 Dissertationsgebiet lt. Studienblatt: Sprachen und Kulturen Südasiens und Tibets, Fachbereich: Tibeto- logie und Buddhismuskunde Betreuer: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Klaus-Dieter Mathes 3 Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................. 8 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 9 The Subject ....................................................................................................................... 9 Outline ............................................................................................................................ 18 Methods and Aims .......................................................................................................... 24 State of Research ............................................................................................................ 27 Part I ̶ Four Dharmas of Sgam po pa ............................................................................... 31 1. Four Dharmas of Sgam po pa and its Role in Sgam po pa’s Doctrinal System ..... 33 1.1 Formulations ..................................................................................................... 33 1.1.1 General Remarks ............................................................................................ 33 1.1.2 The dharma .................................................................................................... 35 1.1.3 The dharma that Turns toward the dharma ................................................... 38 1.1.4 The dharma that Turns toward the Path......................................................... 43 1.1.5 The Path that Dispels Delusions .................................................................... 44 1.1.6 Delusions that Appear as Wisdom ................................................................. 46 1.2 General Overview of the Doctrine ....................................................................... 48 1.2.1 Commentaries Contained in Dwags po’i bka’ ’bum ...................................... 48 1.2.2 Four Dharmas of Sgam po pa and the Stages of the Path .............................. 50 1.2.3 Four Dharmas of Sgam po pa and the Three Paths ....................................... 54 1.2.4 Summary ........................................................................................................ 57 1.3 The Role of Four Dharmas of Sgam po pa in Sgam po pa’s Doctrinal System .. 58 1.3.1 The Relationship between Four Dharmas of Sgam po pa and Dwags po thar rgyan ........................................................................................................................ 58 1.3.2 The Relationship between Four Dharmas of Sgam po pa and the Preliminary Practices for Mahāmudrā ........................................................................................ 65 1.3.3 The Four Dharmas of Sgam po pa – A Systematic Way to Buddhahood, Both Gradual and Sudden? .............................................................................................. 69 2. Doctrines Related to Four Dharmas of Sgam po pa ............................................... 73 2.1 General Remarks .................................................................................................. 73 2.2 The Relationship between Four Dharmas of Sgam po pa and Zhen pa bzhi bral 74 2.2.1 Existing Commentaries .................................................................................. 74 2.2.2 The Relationship between the Two Systems ................................................. 78 2.3 The Relationship between Four Dharmas of Sgam po pa and Other Doctrines .. 85 2.3.1 Four Dharmas in the Rnying ma tradition ..................................................... 85 4 2.3.2 Four Dharmas in Bo dong Paṇ chen’s Skyes bu gsum gyi lam rim rgyas pa khrid du sbyar ba ..................................................................................................... 88 2.3.3 Tsong kha pa’s Lam gtso rnam gsum ............................................................. 90 2.3.4 Jo nang rje btsun Tāranātha’s Five Mistaken Stains in the Bdud rtsi’i nying khu ........................................................................................................................... 94 3. Origin of Four Dharmas of Sgam po pa ................................................................. 97 3.1 Introductory Remarks ........................................................................................... 97 3.2 The Question of Origin .................................................................................. 102 3.2.1 A Fourfold Topos of Bka gdams origin? ..................................................... 102 3.2.2 A Short Quotation Attributed to Dge bshes Phu chung ba .......................... 103 3.2.3 A Short Quotation attributed to Po to ba ..................................................... 105 3.2.4 Bstan rim chen moʼi don bsduʼam lam rim, attributed to Gro lung pa ........ 107 3.2.5 Possible Indian Forerunners for the Fourfold Topos and Four Dharmas of Sgam po pa ............................................................................................................ 111 4. An Overview of the Different Commentarial Traditions of Four Dharmas of Sgam po pa and their Development ....................................................................................... 121 4.1 Overview of the Commentarial Literature ......................................................... 121 4.2 Individual Commentarial Traditions .................................................................. 129 4.2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 129 4.2.2 La yag pa’s Mnyam med dwags po’i chos bzhir grags pa’i gzhung and its Commentary .......................................................................................................... 130 4.2.3 Different Commentaries by Phag mo gru pa Rdo rje rgyal po .................... 137 4.2.4 Padma dkar po’s Commentaries on Four Dharmas of Sgam po pa ............ 141 4.2.5 Further Commentaries .................................................................................. 147 Part II ̶ Selected Texts .................................................................................................... 151 1. Pseudepigrapha Attributed to Sgam po pa in Dwags po’i bka’ ’bum ................... 153 1.1 Introduction to the Texts ................................................................................ 153 1.2 Two Short Texts from Tshogs chos yon tan phun tshogs .............................. 158 1.2.1 Tibetan Text Edition of Text 1 ..................................................................... 158 1.2.2 Translation of Text 1 .................................................................................... 164 1.2.3 Tibetan Text Edition of Text 2 ..................................................................... 170 1.2.4 Translation of Text 2 .................................................................................... 173 1.3 A Passage from Tshogs chos chen mo............................................................ 177 1.3.1 Tibetan Text Edition................................................................................ 177 5 1.3.2 Translation ............................................................................................... 182 1.4 A Passage from Dus gsum mkhyen pa’i zhu lan ............................................ 186 1.4.1 Tibetan Text Edition................................................................................ 186 1.4.2 Translation ............................................................................................... 188 1.5 A Passage from Chos rje dwags po lha rjeʼi gsung sgros dum sgrigs ma ..... 189 1.5.1 Tibetan Text Edition................................................................................ 189 1.5.2 Translation ............................................................................................... 191 1.6 Chos bzhi mdor bsdus pa legs ........................................................................ 193 1.6.1 Tibetan Text Edition................................................................................ 193 1.6.2 Translation ............................................................................................... 197 2. Texts Attributed to Sgam po pa Transmitted separately from the Xylographic Print Editions of Dwags po’i bka’ ’bum ................................................................................ 201 2.1 Introduction to the Texts ................................................................................ 201 2.2 Mnyam med dwags po’i chos bzhir grags pa’i gzhung .................................. 204 2.2.1 Tibetan Text Edition................................................................................ 204 2.2.2 English Translation ................................................................................. 214 2.3 Dwags po chos bzhiʼi rtsa ba skyes bu gsum gyi lam gyi mchog rin po cheʼi ʼphreng ba ................................................................................................................