French-English glossary of terms found in Chabanaud’s published works on Pleuronectiformes by Bruno CHANET (1) & Martine DESOUTTER-MENIGER (2) ABSTRact. - Paul Chabanaud was a French researcher working on the systematics of flatfishes, but he wrote his results and analyses in a way that is not easy to understand for a reader of the 21st century. In this glossary, we have defined and translated his anatomical terms into modern French and English in order to help researchers interested in his studies. The purpose of this glossary is to make Paul Chabanaud’s works available and readable to a larger audience. RÉSUMÉ. - Glossaire français-anglais des termes trouvés dans les études publiées par Chabanaud sur les Pleuronectifor- mes. Paul Chabanaud était un chercheur français ayant travaillé sur la systématique des poissons plats, mais il écrivit ses résultats et ses analyses dans un style difficile à comprendre pour un lecteur du XXI e siècle. Dans ce glossaire, les termes anatomiques français définis et utilisés par Chabanaud sont traduits dans un français et un anglais plus modernes. pour aider nos collègues à utiliser les travaux de Paul Chabanaud. Le but de ce glossaire est de rendre disponibles et lisibles les travaux de Paul Chabanaud pour nos collègues ichtyologistes. Key words. - Flatfishes - Chabanaud - Glossary. “Le complexe uroptérygiophore est épaxonalement diplospondylique et hypaxonalement triplospondylique.” Chabanaud (1938d: 211). Paul Chabanaud (1876-1959) (Fig. 1) was a French researcher who devoted most of his career to the study of the anatomy and systematics of the flatfishes, Order Pleuronecti- formes. He wrote numerous works (165 notes, articles, and books on flatfishes from 1925 to 1959, and 6 articles pub- lished posthumously) and he has described, redescribed, and named 73 species and subspecies of flatfishes. He detailed the anatomy of flatfishes, both fossil and recent, and wrote several works on the systematic relationships of genera and families of flatfishes. Given the importance of previously published literature in regard to species descriptions and anatomical treatises, Chabanaud’s works will continue to be important to generations of flatfish systematists. Unfortu- nately, all his contributions are written in an idiosyncratic and wordy old-French style, which is extremely difficult to understand. He did not hesitate to create new descriptive anatomical terms, which often evolved or changed over the Figure 1. - Paul Chabanaud (1876-1959) (in Dollfus [1960: 61]). years in his subsequent writings, to provide what he believed to be a clearer description of his observations (Dollfus, 1960; Chanet and Desoutter, 2001). For example, he used his own terms were correct from a purely linguistic perspective, but terms for the fins: thoracoptérygie for pectoral fin, notop- most ichthyologists today do not read Latin or Greek and térygie for dorsal fin, proctoptérygie for anal fin. Most of his cannot understand these terms, and consequently current (1) Département systématique et évolution, USM 603, MNHN, CP 26, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, FRANCE. [[email protected]] (2) Département de systématique et évolution, Unité taxinomie-collections, USM 602, Case postale 26, 57 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris cedex 05, FRANCE. [[email protected]] Cybium 2008, electronic publication no 1: 23 p. Glossary of Chabanaud’s terms on Pleuronectiformes CHANET & DESOUTTER -MENIGER researchers interested in flatfishes and in Chabanaud’s work pl.: pluriel, plural have to meander through a maze of complicated terms. This The asterisk (*) indicates that the word is defined in the has proven to be a baffling and trying experience for most glossary. systematists or morphologists interested in his writings. The difficulty in deciphering his idiosyncratic terms has resulted A in a situation where the study of several families of flatfishes, aboral, -e (adj.): loin de la bouche [Chabanaud, 1953: 391]. such as the Soleidae, has been restricted to French-speaking away from or opposite the mouth. zoologists. However, even French-speaking zoologists have acanthoïde (adj.): qui ressemble à une épine [Chabanaud, difficulty with Chabanaud’s terms because of the evolution 1934c: 127]. and complexity of his terms. For other zoologists, Chaba- which looks like a spine. naud’s valuable contributions to flatfish biology have yet to acanthogène (adj.): où se forment les épines. Chabanaud be truly recognized. Our objective is to facilitate the under- utilise cet adjectif pour décrire la zone de l’écaille où se standing of Paul Chabanaud’s contribution to flatfishes sys- forment les spinules [Chabanaud, 1949k: 521]. tematics by providing a glossary of the terms he used. We where spines form. Chabanaud uses this adjective to provide definitions for 428 words (and translations of phras- describe the area on the scales where the spinules form. es and sentences in which these terms first appear) from his achirie (n.): absence de nageoire pectorale [Chabanaud, literature. 1936c: 229]. absence of a pectoral fin. aciculaire (adj.): pointu [Chabanaud, 1937a: 9]. MateRIAL AND METHODS sharp. acrinial (n.): supraoccipital [Chabanaud, 1937a: 26], All of Chabanaud’s papers on flatfishes (Appendix 1) (Fig. 3). have been read carefully and each unusual biological word supraoccipital. noted. The definition of the unusual words has then been acrinien (adj.): du supraoccipital [Chabanaud, 1938c: 80]. verified and translated into English. For muscle and diges- of / or relating to supraoccipital. tive tract terms, Chabanaud often used Latin- or Greek-de- acrinioste (n.): supraoccipital [Chabanaud, 1943a: 39]. rived terms that will not be discussed in this article. Words supraoccipital. are arranged alphabetically and a definition in French is acriniostique (adj.): présent en région supraoccipitale [Cha- given, followed by a definition in English in italics. The ref- banaud, 1943a: 39]. erence accompanying each word indicates the literature in present in the supraoccipital region. which the term first occurs. For some words, a few additional actinoste (n.): ptérygiophore [Chabanaud, 1933b: 1064], comments are included to help clarify the definition. When- ever possible original words used by Chabanaud were trans- (Fig. 3). lated into English and each English definition was checked pterygiophore. in a unilingual dictionary (Collins, 1992). The numerous actinophore (n.): ptérygiophore [Chabanaud, 1932a: 388]. osteological terms are translated into terms used currently by pterygiophore. flatfish morphologists (Bürgin, 1986; Chapleau and Keast, actinoptérygien, -enne (adj.): relatif aux rayons des nageoi- 1988; Chapleau, 1988, 1989, 1993; Chapleau and Desoutter, res, utilisé dans l’expression formule actinoptérygienne 1996; Munroe, 1996; Cooper and Chapleau, 1998; Hoshino (= nombre de rayons à une nageoire) [Chabanaud, 1938c: and Amaoka, 1998; Chanet, 1998, 1999; Hoshino, 2001; 125]. Kobelkowsky, 2002; Chanet, 2003; Chanet et al., 2004; of / or relating to the fin-rays, used in the phrase formule Khidir et al., 2005; Vachon et al., 2005). Legends for the actinoptérygienne (= number of rays in a fin). four figures exemplify the uniqueness of Chabanaud’s words acuminé (adj.): en pointe [Chabanaud, 1933e: 10]. compared with modern French and English equivalents. acuminate: with a sharp point. acutangulaire (adj.): en angle aigu [Chabanaud, 1933e: 6]. Adverbe : acutangulairement [Chabanaud, 1938c: 69]. GLOSSARY OF TERMS with an acute angle. Adverb: acutangularly. adoral, -e (adj.): près de la bouche[Chabanaud, 1953: 391]. Abbreviations: close to the mouth. adj.: adjective, adjective aditus (n.): ouverture antérieure [Chabanaud, 1928a: 6]. adv.: adverbe, adverb anterior opening. ex.: exemple, example adnasal (n.): nasal [Chabanaud, 1933e: 13], (Fig. 3). n.: nom, noun nasal. 2 Cybium 2008, e1 CHANET & DESOUTTER -MENIGER Glossary of Chabanaud’s terms on Pleuronectiformes angle jugulaire (n.): angle clidien* [Chabanaud, 1927b: 4]. clidian angle. angle clithral (n.): angle formé par les deux branches du cleithrum [Chabanaud, 1933d: 150]. cleithral angle: angle formed by the two branches of the cleithrum. anisocone (adj.): aux cônes inégaux; employé pour des cen- tres vertébraux asymétriques d’avant en arrière [Chaba- naud, 1937b: 374]. with unequal cones, used for antero-posterior asymmet- rical vertebral centra. anisoconie (n.): asymétrie antéro-postérieure des cônes ver- tébraux d’un même centrum [Chabanaud, 1937b: 368]. antero-posterior asymmetry of the vertebral cones of the same centrum. Figure 2. - Right lateral view of Monochirus hispidus (Rafinesque, 1814) (Soleidae), modified from Schneider (1990). 1. artioptérygie, antlétérion (n.): sac-pompe nasal situé entre les narines nageoire paire (paired fin). 2. périssoptérygie, nageoire impaire inhalante et exhalante [Chabanaud, 1928a: 4]. (unpaired fin). 3. ischioptérygie, nageoire pelvienne (pelvic fin). 4. pump-like sac between the nostrils. notoptère, nageoire dorsale (dorsal fin). 5. omoptérygie, nageoire pectorale (pectoral fin). 6. proctoptérygie, nageoire anale (anal fin). antrorse (adj.): étendu vers l’avant; utilisé pour décrire l’ex- 7. thoracoptérygie, nageoire pectorale (pectoral fin). 8. uroptérygie, tension supracrânienne de la nageoire dorsale [Chaba- nageoire caudale (caudal fin). 9. organe pleurogrammique, ligne naud, 1936b: 586]. latérale (lateral line). For each legend, the first word(s) are those used by Chabanaud, followed by the contemporary French equiva- extended forward; used to describe the supracranial