Chapter Opener Verso or Recto Note on the Text A note on transliteration and geographic terminology: Since this is a histori- cal study dating to the seventeenth century, attention has been paid to both historical precision (terminology most commonly used in original texts) and modern usage. For non-Cyrillic languages, both in the text and bibliographies, the full spelling with diacritical marks is preserved for both personal names and for toponyms/hydronyms. For Cyrillic languages in the text and notes, the simplified/modified Library of Congress Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarussian transliteration systems have been used for both personal names and toponyms/hydronyms. This system a) omits the (‘, “) primes used to transliterate the soft and hard signs (ь,ъ); b) mas- culine family name endings in ий (Russian/BR: іі, Ukrainian: yi) are contracted to “y” (thus Viazemsky, not Viazemskii, Khmelnytsky, not Khmel’nyts’kyi); and c) in initial positions, Ya, Yu, Ye, (for я, ю, є) are preferred to Ia, Iu, Ie (Yavor- sky, Yakovlev, Yalta). For Cyrillic languages in the bibliography and bibliographic citations, the full Library of Congress transliteration system is preserved (with the exception of the above noted initial “Y” in personal names and toponyms). For toponyms and hydronyms on all territories under consideration, I have used current place and river names (followed, when first used, by the alter- nate historical form/s in parentheses), unless listing the historical term first made more sense. Hence, Lviv (Lwów, Lvov, Lemberg), Chernihiv (Chernigov), Hadiach (Gadiach), Myrhorod (Mirgorod), Vilnius (Vilna), but Elizavetograd (Kirovohrad, Kropyvnytsky), Ekaterinoslav (Dnipropetrovsk, Dnipro), Yurburg (Jubarkas). We have also retained a few more commonly used anglicized forms, such as Belorussia (Belarus), Kiev (Kyiv), Volhynia (Volyn), Podolia (Podilia), Polesia (Polissia), Dnieper (Dnipro), Dniester (Dnister), Odessa (Odesa). For a work of this size, the density of biographical and topographical posi- tions in the text would ideally require an appendix. We hope, therefore, that the readers will be satisfied with the author’s choice of the key positions listed in the index. This page intentionally left blank.