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The Univer- sity operates through a worldwide network of research and training centres and programmes, and its planning and coordinating centre in Tokyo. Sexed pistols Sexed pistols: The gendered impacts of small arms and light weapons Edited by Vanessa Farr, Henri Myrttinen and Albrecht Schnabel United Nations a University Press TOKYO u NEW YORK u PARIS 6 United Nations University, 2009 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations University. United Nations University Press United Nations University, 53-70, Jingumae 5-chome, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8925, Japan Tel: þ81-3-5467-1212 Fax: þ81-3-3406-7345 E-mail: [email protected] general enquiries: [email protected] http://www.unu.edu United Nations University Office at the United Nations, New York 2 United Nations Plaza, Room DC2-2060, New York, NY 10017, USA Tel: þ1-212-963-6387 Fax: þ1-212-371-9454 E-mail: [email protected] United Nations University Press is the publishing division of the United Nations University. Cover design by Maria Sese-Paul Printed in Hong Kong ISBN 978-92-808-1175-9 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sexed pistols : the gendered impacts of small arms and light weapons / edited by Vanessa Farr, Henri Myrttinen and Albrecht Schnabel. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-9280811759 (pbk.) 1. Firearms—Social aspects. 2. Firearms ownership—Social aspects. 3. Women—Violence against. 4. Violence. 5. Gun control. I. Farr, Vanessa. II. Myrttinen, Henri. III. Schnabel, Albrecht. HV7435.S49 2009 306.406—dc22 2009030999 Contents Tablesandfigures..................................................... viii Contributors........................................................... x Acknowledgements . ................................................. xvi Abbreviations ......................................................... xviii Preface................................................................. xxiii Introduction ........................................................... 1 1 Sexing the pistol: The gendered impacts of prolific small arms 3 Vanessa Farr, Henri Myrttinen and Albrecht Schnabel 2 Gender, attitudes and the regulation of small arms: Implicationsforaction ............................................ 18 Wendy Cukier and James Cairns Part I: Sexualized violence, gender and small arms ................. 49 3 Girls and small arms in Sierra Leone: Victimization, participationandresistance....................................... 51 Myriam Denov and Richard Maclure vi CONTENTS 4 Small arms and rape as a system of war: A case study of the Democratic Republic of the Congo . ............................. 81 Felicity Szesnat Part II: Gender, small arms and violence in fragmented societies 107 5 Haiti: The gendered pattern of small-arms violence against women............................................................. 109 Nadine Puechguirbal, Wiza Loutis and Natalie Man 6 State, society and the gender of gun culture in Papua New Guinea............................................................. 143 Sinclair Dinnen and Edwina Thompson 7 ‘‘Now they have guns, now they feel powerful’’ – Gender perspectivesonsmall-armsviolenceinTimor-Leste ............ 177 Saleh Abdullah and Henri Myrttinen Part III: Militarizing the domestic sphere ........................... 209 8 ‘‘That’s equality for you, dear’’: Gender, small arms and the Northern Ireland conflict . ........................................ 211 Miranda Alison 9 The gun on the kitchen table: The sexist subtext of private policinginIsrael .................................................. 246 Rela Mazali 10 Securing private spaces: Gendered labour, violence and democratization in South Africa ................................. 290 Jennifer N. Fish and Pumla Mncayi Part IV: Gender, weapons collection and small-arms control ...... 327 11 Just a matter of practicality: Mapping the role of women in weapons for development projects in Albania, Cambodia andMali........................................................... 329 Shukuko Koyama 12 Poems against bullets? The role of Somali women in social guncontrol ........................................................ 356 Katrin Kinzelbach and Zeinab Mohamed Hassan CONTENTS vii 13 Missing men, lost boys and widowed women: Gender perspectives on small-arms proliferation and disarmament in Karamoja,Uganda ................................................ 390 Christina M. Yeung Conclusion ............................................................. 419 14 Conclusions: Recommendations for further research and activism ............................................................ 421 Vanessa Farr, Henri Myrttinen and Albrecht Schnabel Selectedrecommendedreading ...................................... 433 Index................................................................... 441 Tables and figures Tables 2.1 Female homicide rates for 25 populous high-income countries,1994–1999 .......................................... 23 5.1 Armed groups and the situation of women . ................. 114 6.1 Thefts of military-issue weapons and associated crime . 151 7.1 Estimated numbers of SALW supplied to or procured by theTimor-Lestesecurityforces............................... 182 8.1 Paramilitary weapons estimates (late 1990s) ................. 217 11.1 Roles of women and men in weapons for development projectsinAlbania ............................................ 336 11.2 Roles of women and men in weapons for development projects in Cambodia . ...................................... 340 11.3 Roles of women and men in weapons for development projectsinMali ................................................ 343 11.4 Differences between conventional monitoring and evaluationandPM&E ........................................ 351 12.1 Somaliviewsoncontroloffirearms .......................... 368 12.2 Perceptionsonlevelsoffamilyviolence...................... 378 12.3 Securityaspectsofgunownership............................ 379 12.4 AgeofSomaliswithcombatexperience ..................... 380 Figures 2.1 Annual incidence of weapon injuries during conflict and in post-conflict periods . ...................................... 20 viii TABLES AND FIGURES ix 2.2 Rate of homicide of female victims of intimate-partner homicidebymeansinCanada................................. 26 6.1 Internationalcomparisonofsexualassaults,1991............ 154 8.1 Shooting and bombing incidents, 1998/1999 to 2007/2008 . 223 10.1 GAP survey on domestic violence in Mannenberg Township ....................................................... 302 Contributors Saleh Abdullah is the executive has published several articles on secretary of the Indonesian Society female combatants and wartime for Social Transformation, based in sexual violence, and has written a Yogyakarta, Indonesia. He has been book entitled Women and Political working extensively on human Violence (Routledge, 2009). She rights, gender and conflict resolution received a PhD from Queen’s issues with civil society University Belfast and an MA Hons organizations across Indonesia, from the University of Auckland, including in Aceh, Maluku and New Zealand. Papua as well as in Timor-Leste, for James Cairns is an instructor in the over two decades. He holds a Department of Politics and Public master of philosophy degree from Administration and the Department the Indonesian State Institute of of Sociology at Ryerson University, Islamic Studies, Jakarta. Toronto, Canada. He teaches Miranda Alison is associate professor courses on political institutions, of politics and international studies consumer culture, media history and at the University of Warwick, UK. methods of social scientific enquiry. Her main research interests lie in Dr Cairns holds a PhD from the the broad field of gender and war, Ryerson/York Joint Graduate with a specific focus on ethno- Programme in Communication and national conflict and political Culture, Toronto (2008). His PhD violence, including wartime sexual dissertation, supported by a Canada violence and other gender-based Graduate Scholarship from the human rights violations. She has Social Sciences and Humanities fieldwork research experience in Sri Research Council of Canada, Lanka and Northern Ireland. She analyses the twentieth-century x CONTRIBUTORS xi evolution of mediated civic ritual. Public Health Association. She has The study maps the rise to an MA in history and an MBA from dominance of the symbolic the University of Toronto, and was performance of rationality in the named one of its ‘‘100 alumni who political sphere. Dr Cairns’s