266 AGRIVITA Journal of Agricultural Science. 2017. 39(3): 266-278 Application of PGPR and Antagonist Fungi-based Biofungicide for White Rust Disease Control and Its Economyc Analysis in Chrysanthemum Production Hanudin*), Kurniawan Budiarto and Budi Marwoto Indonesian Ornamental Crops Research Institute (IOCRI) Jl. Raya Pacet-Ciherang, PO Box. 8 SDL, Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected] Received: November 18, 2016 /Accepted: May 31, 2017 ABSTRACT flowers (Market News Service, 2012), second only to Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) roses. Netherlands, Italy, Columbia, Spain, Germany and USA are the main producers which supply more application in combination with other antagonist than 60 % of the world trade for chrysanthemums. microbes as biopesticide have been considered In Indonesia, chrysanthemum has replaced roses in many crops. Our research was conducted to as the most marketed cut flowers since 2006. The evaluate the efficacy of these useful combinations with the carrying agent for growth promotion, thus demand for flowers has increased significantly in line with the increase of production in the country lowering white rust incidence in chrysanthemum in the last decade from 108 million stems in 2009 production. The experiment was carried out at to 387 million stems in 2013. The increase was to three cooperative farmer sites located in Cipanas, the increment of productivity from 9.92 % to 42.64 Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia from January to % respectively, thereby gave higher contribution to December 2016. The production process was arranged in a paired treatment; a combination of the export values of the total exported floriculture products from 8.0 % to 23.3 % in 2012 (Indonesian PGPR and antagonist fungi (without supplemental Ministry of Agriculture, 2014). chemical fertilizers and fungicide), furtherly called The efforts to make chrysanthemum biofungicide and common farmer practices. The results showed that the application of biofungicide production become more efficient and profitable, however, are still constrained by several factors, promoted equal plant growth quality as common one of them is a disease called white rust. The practices. White rust incidency was lower at disease was caused by P. Henn, biofungicide treatment sites, thus increased the Puccinia horiana an obligate parasitic fungus (Basidiomycetes) and markertable flowers quantity. The production costin many chrysanthemums in many countries, is was considered more efficient in biofungicideknown to be the most disastrous problem. The sites, due to cheaper price of biofungicide than fungus infects 12 species including chrysanthemum, chemical fertilizers and fungicide. The increase Nipponanthemum and Leucanthemella (Alaei et al., of marketable stalks and cost efficiency led2009). to attacks the plant by enzymatic an increase of net income of biofungicide based P. horiana digestion to penetrate the leaf cuticle. The fungus production as also viewed from higher Revenue then colonizes both inter- and intracellularly Cost Ratio (R/C) than common farmer practices. the mesophyll tissue (Bonde et al., 2015). The Keywords: biological agent; Chrysanthemum (Den- production lost due to the fungus may reach 80 drathema grandiflora); cost efficiency; % in India, during the outbreak seasons (Dheepa, disease control; Puccinia horiana Renukadevi, Kumar, & Nakkeeran, 2015). According to Yusuf, Budiarto, Djatnika, & Suhardi (2017), so far there is no synthetic fungicide INTRODUCTION that is formally recommended to control white rust. Chrysanthemum (Dendrathema grandiflora Since the physical quality is very important, the Tzvelev syn. Chrysanthemum morifolium [Ramat.] growers then tend to use various kinds of fungicide Kitam) in form of cut flower and potted plants iswith unapropriate dosages expecting the reduction one of the top marketed ornamentals in the world. of damages. These practices might spend 13 – 32 In international trade, the commodity ranked first or % of the total production cost (Suhardi, 2009) and about 35 % of the world’s market request for cut can make the business uncompetitive. Cite this as: Hanudin, Budiarto, K., & Marwoto, B. (2017). Application of PGPR and antagonist fungi-based biofungicide for white rust disease control and its economyc analysis in chrysanthemum production. AGRIVITA Journal of Agricultural Science, 39(3), 266–278. http://doi.org/10.17503/agrivita.v39i3.1326 Accredited: SK No. 60/E/KPT/2016 267 Hanudin et al.: Application of PGPR on Chrysanthemum Production .............................................................................. The use PGPR to substitute chemical The combination of PGPR and antagonist fungi fertilizers, pesticides and supplements in plant would be mixed with their carrying substances and production has been reported to have better furtherly called as biofungicide. Before procceding impact on growth, yield and disease control in to commercialization, the biopesticide should be some plants (Joko et al., 2012). The direct effects tested for their effectiveness, applicability and of PGPR on plant growth are through supplying efficiency in technical and economic perspectives. certain compounds produced by the bacterium that The experiment was conducted to evaluate the is needed by the plant, like phytohormones. The biofungicide in chrysanthemum production. These bacterium also promotes the absorption of certain expected that the biofungicide would increase the nutrient/element from the environment (Ahemad & quality of plant growth and marketable flowers as a Kibret, 2014). The indirect effects of PGPR on plant result of lesser disease attacks and better nutrition growth include the defend mechanism against one or supply compared to chemical fertilizers. more phytopathogenic organisms. The mechanism MATERIALS AND METHODS is through producing antagonistic substances and/or by inducing resistance againts pathogens (Beneduzi, The research was conducted from January Ambrosini, & Passaglia, 2012). A particular PGPR to December 2016 covering laboratory and green may stimulate the regulation of plant growth and house studies for isolates preparation at the development by using any one, or more, of these Indonesian Ornamental Crops Research Institute mechanisms. As biocontrol agents, the bacterium (IOCRI) and the field work under plastic house may act through various mechanisms, regardless conditions at the cooperative grower sites. of their effect on the promotion of plant growth, Preparation of PGPR and Antagonist Fungi like auxin production (Miransari & Smith, 2014), Propagules ethylene levels decrement (Liu & Zhang, 2015) or Several PGPR, namely Azotobacter nitrogen fixation in association with roots (Reed, chroococcum (Ac), Bacillus substilis(Bs) and Cleveland, & Townsend, 2011). It is about only 1 to 2 Pseudomonas flourescens (Pf) served as the active % of bacteria promote plant growth originated from ingredient of the formulation. The pure isolates the rhizosphere (Beneduzi, Ambrosini, & Passaglia, of these bacteria collected from the laboratory of 2012). Bacteria from wide range of genera have bacteriology and mycology, IOCRI. Ac was cultured been identified as PGPR, of whichBacillus sp. and using Asby medium, which was in per litre medium Pseudomonas spp. are predominant (Raaijmakers, solidified with 20 g agar composed of 5 g glucose, de Bruijn, Nybroe, & Ongena, 2010). 0.25 g K2HPO4, 0.1 g MgSO4.7H2O, 0.1 g NaCl, 2.5 Certain strains of Bacillus . spand g CaCO3, 0.1 g CaSO4, 0.001 g Na2MoO4. Bs were Pseudomonas flourescens have been proven to grown under Pikovkaya medium, consisting 10 g be effective in suppressing leaf soft rot caused by glucose, 5 g Ca3(PO4)3OH, 0.2 g NaCl, 0.2 g KCl, P. viridiflava in Phalaenopsis (Nuryani et al. 2012), 0.1 MgSO4.7H2O, 0.0025 g MnSO4.H2O; 0.0021 g white rust (Puccinia horiana) in chrysanthemum FeSO4.7H2O, 0.5 g yeast extract and 0.5 g (NH4)2SO4. (Hanudin et al. 2010), cucumber mosaic virus While Pf was grown on King’s B medium, containing (CMV) in pepper (G. H. Lee & Ryu, 2016). Another 20 g proteose peptone no. 3, 10 g glycerol, 1.5 g genera, free living diazothrops sp. and Azotobacter K2HPO4, 1.5 g MgSO4.7H2O and 0.01 M FeCl3. The Azospirillum sp. have been known to have capacity in cultured were then incubated under the temperature non symbiotic fixation of nitrogen. While Aspergillus of 30 ± 2 0C for 24 h. sp., Bacillus megatherium and Penicillium sp. were Each isolate was taken for about three able to solubilize phosporus (P) and pottasium (K) bacterial loops and diluted in 10 ml sterile water (Karakurt & Aslantas, 2010). and homogenized until it reached the density of These useful bacteria have been combined 1012 cfu ml-1. One ml isolate suspension was put with antagonist fungi in a formulation to widen their into an elenmeyer containing 500 ml nutrient broth beneficiaries as biopesticides and biofertilizers. The (NB) medium. The flask was then shaken in 300C formulation was expected to have better impact not waterbath at 3 rpm for 24 h. The bacterial cells were only in preventing the plant from disastrous diseases then suspended in the culture medium with the and also reducing the chemical fertilizers as well. concentration of 1 %. 268 Hanudin et al.: Application of PGPR on Chrysanthemum Production .............................................................................. The antagonist fungi i.e. Trichoderma sp. and ml. The suspension was then, homogenously mixed Paecilomyces sp. were included as the
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