EVALUATION AND AUTOMATION OF SPACE HABITAT INTERIOR LAYOUTS A Dissertation Presented to The Academic Faculty by Matthew Simon In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in Aerospace Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology May 2016 Copyright 2015 U.S. Government, as represented by the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. No copyright is claimed in the United States under Title 17, U.S.C. All other rights reserved i EVALUATION AND AUTOMATION OF HABITAT INTERIOR LAYOUTS Approved by: Dr. Alan W. Wilhite, Chairman Dr. Jesse Hester School of Aerospace Engineering Georgia Tech Research Institute Georgia Institute of Technology Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. Marianne R. Bobskill Dr. Brian German Space Mission Analysis Branch School of Aerospace Engineering NASA Langley Research Center Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. Daniel P. Schrage School of Aerospace Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Date Approved: November 15, 2015 This document is dedicated to my family who provided constant support and encouragement throughout the many years of my education, and to Nate who taught me the meaning of life. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge and thank the following persons for their advice and participation in the preparation of this thesis: Dr. Alan Wilhite Dr. Marianne Bobskill Larry Toups Dr. Robert Howard Kriss Kennedy Dr. Dale Arney iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................................. viii LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................... xi NOMENCLATURE ................................................................................................................................. xiv SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................. xvii CONTRIBUTIONS OF RESEARCH ................................................................................................. xxii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Motivation ................................................................................................................. 3 1.2 Gap Analysis of Current Interior Evaluation Process ............................................... 8 1.3 Research Questions and Objectives ........................................................................ 11 1.3.1 Primary Research Question .............................................................................. 11 1.3.2 Secondary Research Questions ........................................................................ 12 1.4 Dissertation Overview ............................................................................................ 14 CHAPTER TWO: BACKGROUND .................................................................................................... 16 2.1 Habitat Layout Design ............................................................................................ 16 2.1.1 Habitat Layout Design Process ........................................................................ 16 2.1.2 Previous Work in Space Habitat Interior Layout Evaluation Methods ........... 19 2.1.2 Space Habitat Interior Design Requirements and Heuristics ........................... 27 2.1.4 Subsystem Information .................................................................................... 32 2.2 Geometry Modeling and Collision Detection ......................................................... 35 2.2.1 Geometry Modeling ......................................................................................... 35 2.2.2 Collision Detection .......................................................................................... 37 v 2.3 Automated Layout Generation ................................................................................ 44 2.3.1 Automated Layout Design Problem ................................................................. 45 2.3.2 Previous Work in Interior Layout Automated Generation............................... 47 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................. 57 3.1 Systems Engineering-Derived Layout Evaluation Process [Simon & Wilhite, 2013] ...................................................................................................................................... 57 3.1.1 Initial Layout Generation Process [Simon & Wilhite, 2013]........................... 61 3.1.2 Layout Evaluation Process [Simon & Wilhite, 2013] ..................................... 65 3.2 Evaluation Criteria [Simon & Wilhite, 2013] ......................................................... 73 3.3 Quantitative Evaluation Criteria Measurement Methods [Simon & Wilhite, 2013] ...................................................................................................................................... 81 3.3.1 Collision Detection [Simon & Wilhite, 2013] ................................................. 82 3.3.2 Grid-based Iterative Methods [Simon, Bobskill, & Wilhite 2012] .................. 83 3.3.3 Separation-Colocation Matrices [Simon & Wilhite, 2013] ............................. 91 3.4 Constraints [Simon & Wilhite, 2013] ..................................................................... 95 3.5 Implementation of Designer Preferences [Simon & Wilhite, 2013] ...................... 98 3.5.1 Utility Functions .............................................................................................. 98 3.5.2 Relative Evaluation Criteria Weightings ....................................................... 100 3.6 Software Implementation [Simon & Wilhite, 2013] ............................................ 103 CHAPTER 4: EVALUATION PROCESS VERIFICATION ......................................................... 106 4.1 Example Problem: 180 Day Cis-lunar Habitat [Simon & Wilhite, 2013] ............ 106 4.2 Cislunar Habitat Interior Example Results ........................................................... 113 4.3 Discussion of Evaluation Process Results ............................................................ 118 4.4 Verification ........................................................................................................... 123 CHAPTER 5: AUTOMATION OF LAYOUT DESIGN ................................................................. 125 5.1 Layout Design Automation ................................................................................... 125 5.2 Automated Iterative Improvement of Cis-Lunar Habitat ..................................... 130 5.3 Design Space Exploration Results and Improvements ......................................... 134 5.4 Automation Effectiveness, Limitations, and Value .............................................. 138 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS AND FORWARD WORK........................................................... 141 6.1 Conclusions ........................................................................................................... 141 6.2 Future Work .......................................................................................................... 143 APPENDIX A: Glossary of Terms .................................................................................................. 147 APPENDIX B: Evaluation Criteria Detailed Descriptions ................................................... 148 APPENDIX C. Definition of Hardware Information from Cis-Lunar Habitat Example Described in Chapter 4 and 5 ........................................................................................................ 163 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................... 174 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Historical Layout Generation/Optimization Methods .......................................... 6 Table 2: Currently Available Approaches for Evaluation of Spacecraft Interior Layouts . 7 Table 3: Comparison of Performance of Existing Evaluation Methods ............................. 8 Table 4: Representative Space Habitat Evaluation Studies .............................................. 21 Table 5: Currently Available Approaches for Evaluation of Spacecraft Interior Layouts (Replicated from Table 2) ................................................................................................. 22 Table 6: Comparison of Performance of Existing Evaluation Methods (Replicated from 22 Table 7: Space Habitat Architecture Requirements .......................................................... 28 Table 8: Habitat Interior Configuration Design Heuristics and Considerations ............... 31 Table 9: Habitat Subsystem Descriptions [reproduced from Kennedy, 2002a with permission] ........................................................................................................................ 34 Table 10: Subsystem References ...................................................................................... 35 Table 11: Applicable Methods/Algorithms for Required Collision Detection Tests ....... 38 Table 12: Applicable Interior Layout Automated