Non-Wood Forest Products and Services for Socio-Economic Development The AFRICAN FOREST FORUM – a platform for stakeholders in African Forestry A Compendium for Technical and Professional Forestry Education Suzana Agustino, Bennet Mataya, Kingiri Senelwa & Enoch G. Achigan-Dako Non-Wood Forest Products and Services for Socio-Economic Development © African Forest Forum 2011 All rights reserved African Forest Forum c/o World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) P.O. Box 30677-00100 Nairobi KENYA Tel: +254 20 722 4203 Fax: +254 20 722 4001 www.afforum.org Disclaimer The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the African Forest Forum concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries regarding its economic system or degree of development. Excerpts may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. Views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of the African Forest Forum. Correct citation: Agustino, S., Mataya, B., Senelwa, K., and Achigan-Dako, G.E. 2011. Non-wood forest products and services for socio-economic development. A Compendium for Technical and Professional Forestry Education. The African Forest Forum, Nairobi, Kenya. 219 pp. Printed in Nairobi in 2011. ISBN 978-92-9059-294-5. Non-Wood Forest Products and Services for Socio-Economic Development A Compendium for Technical and Professional Forestry Education Suzana Agustino Bennet Mataya Kingiri Senelwa Enoch G. Achigan-Dako The African Forest Forum (AFF) NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS AND SERVICES FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Table of Contents List of Figures, Tables and Boxes vi Acronymns and Abbreviations viii Foreword xi Concepts, Values and Uses of Non-Wood Forest Products and Services 1 1.1. Background 1 1.2. Definitions of Non-Wood Forest Products and Services 3 1.3. Importance of non-wood forest products and services 5 1.3.1 Contributions of NWFPS to people’s livelihoods 6 1.3.2 Environmental and recreational services 11 1.4. Forest resource base 13 1.4.1 Distribution of forest land by forest types 14 1.4.2 Distribution of forests in Africa and threats on the resources 15 1.5. Contribution of NWFPS to integrated and sustainable forest management 18 Classification and Characterisation of Non- Wood Forest Products & Services 29 2.1. Classification of non-wood forest products and services 29 2.1.1 Extractive products 32 2.1.2 Edible products and related materials 34 2.1.3 Medicinal and pharmaceutical plant products 37 2.1.4 Bee Products 42 2.1.5 Other animal based products 43 2.1.6 Carvings and handicrafts 44 2.1.7 Biofuels 45 2.1.8 Fibres 47 2.2 Identification and characterisation of marketable forest ecosystem services 48 2.2.1 Ecotourism 49 2.2.2 Water regulation 50 2.2.3 Climatic services and carbon sequestration 52 2.2.4 Biodiversity and soil protection 53 2.2.5 Cultural services 54 2.3 Identification and characterisation of actors in compensation for ecosystem services 55 Sustainable Production and Processing of Non-Wood Forest Products 69 3.1 Availability and supply of NWFPs 69 3.2 Harvesting and post harvest handling of NWFPs 70 3.3 Processing and value addition of NWFPs 72 NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS AND SERVICES FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 3.4 Standards and certification 74 3.5 Implications of NWFPs production, processing, commercialisation and utilisation 81 3.5.1 Ecological implications 82 3.5.2 Livelihood implications 84 Marketing and Commercialisation of Non-Wood Forest Products and Services 93 4.1 Introduction and definitions 93 4.2. Ethnobiological aspects of NWFPs. 95 4.3 Valuation of NWFPs 98 4.3.1 Local importance of non-wood forest products 102 4.3.2 The value of NWFP harvested 103 4.4 Commercialisation of NWFPs 104 4.4.1 What is involved in NWFP commercialisation? 105 4.4.2 Marketing practices 106 4.4.3 Marketing information 106 4.4.4 Markets of non-wood forest products 107 4.4.5 Evaluating NWFP markets 108 4.4.6 Key factors in marketing non-wood forest products 109 4.4.7 Marketing structures and their limitations 112 4.5 Trade in Non-Wood Forest Products 113 4.5.1 Local and national trade 115 4.5.2. International trade 117 4.5.3 Trends in international NWFP trade 119 4.5.4 NWFPs market examples from Africa 121 4.5.5 International trade agreements 133 4.5.6 Value chain 134 4.5.7 Challenges and opportunities in marketing and trade in NWFPs 137 4.6 Initiatives and case studies in commercialisation of NWFPs 140 4.7 Commercialisation and marketing of forest services 142 4.7.1 Marketing of environmental services 143 4.7.2 Payment for Environmental Services 149 Non-Wood Forest Products and Services in Socio-Economic Development 163 5.1. Non wood forest products and services in national economies 164 5.1.1 Employment, income generation, and poverty alleviation 164 5.1.2 Trade 166 5.1.3 Food security 167 5.1.4 Health 171 5.1.5 Forage and pasture 176 5.2 Cultural aspects in NWFPS 177 5.2.1 Cultural aspects in the consumption of forest foods 179 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS 5.2.2. Changing consumption patterns and cultural value of forest foods in some regions 180 5.2.3 Cultural values of specialty forest foods 181 5.2.4 Emerging products, services and issues 182 Institutional and Regulatory Arrangements for Management and Utilisation of Non- Wood Forest Products and Services 187 6.1 Overview of institutional issues 187 6.2 Governance and non-wood forest products and services 188 6.3 Institutional support in development of non-wood forest products and services industry 189 6.3.1 Policy support 191 6.3.2 Patterns of economic change and implications for policy 193 6.3.3 Implications for policy-making 194 6.3.4 Considerations for institutional framework 195 6.3.5 Institutional arrangements 196 6.4 Binding international and regional instruments 197 6.5 The role of institutions in quality standards control and marketing 199 6.6 Property rights and institutionalisation of management system 200 6.6.1 Proper allocation of property rights 201 6.6.2 Intellectual property rights issues 201 6.6.3 Trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights 203 6.7. Rituals, beliefs and user rights 205 6.8 Public awareness and training 205 6.9 Research, development and extension 207 Index 215 v NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS AND SERVICES FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT List of Figures, Tables and Boxes Figures Figure 1.1 A forest dweller in Wari Maro (Benin) extracting the aril of Blighia sapida. 9 Figure 1.2 A Fulani cattle keeper leading his livestock through a woodland forest in West Africa. 10 Figure 1.3 Bujagali falls in Uganda attract thousands of tourists every year. 13 Figure 1.4 Percentage of forest land by forest types 14 Figure 2.1 Natural stand of Vitellaria paradoxa in northern Ghana. 36 Figure 2.2 Collection of bark of Khaya senegalensis along a roadside in northern Mali. 37 Figure 2.3 Semi processed products of medicinal plants in a traditional healing centre in Senegal. 38 Figure 2.4 Honey production in the forest of the Stahere Girls School in Kenya. 43 Figure 2.5 Harvested snails from the evergreen forest of Ghana. 44 Figure 2.6 Various fibre products on sale along Limuru Road (Nairobi, Kenya). 48 Figure 3.1 Tapping of natural rubber latex in the evergreen forest of Ghana. 71 Figure 4.1 Total Economic Value of Forests 100 Figure 4.2 The monetary value of some NWFP per household per annum 101 Figure 4.3 Volume and value of exports of gum arabic from Sudan, 1980 to 1990 114 Figure 4.4 Value of exports of rattan from Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines (million US$) 115 Figure 4.5 Value of trade of selected NWFPs 118 Figure 4.6 Sale of toothbrush sticks in a local market in towards Nzerekore, Guinea. 131 Figure 4.7 Fairtrade Labelling System 140 Figure 5.1 Harvest of Panicum sp. for animal feeding in Buwuni, Uganda. 177 Tables Table 1.1 Contributions of forest foods to human nutrition. 8 Table 1.2 Distribution of forests in Africa 15 Table 1.3 Forest cover change in Africa. 17 Table 2.1 Promising drug plants candidates from African forests. 39 Table 2.2 A few African medicinal plants in the world markets. 40 vi LIST OF FIGURES, TABLES, AND BOXES Table 2.3 Categories of ecosystem services 49 Table 2.4 Prototype mechanisms of compensation for ecosystem services in common practice 58 Table 4.1 Valuation and ranking of forest benefits in eight villages in Southern Ghana 103 Table 4.2 Methods for evaluating markets, by type of product 110 Table 4.3 NWFPs most prominent in world trade in three main markets (US$ million) 120 Table 4.4 Directions of international trade for major NWFPs 121 Table 4.5 Quantities and values of NWFPs in North Africa. 123 Table 4.6 Quantities and values of NWFPs in East Africa. 124 Table 4.7 Quantities and values of NWFPs in Insular East Africa. 125 Table 4.8 Quantities of NWFPs in Southern Africa. 127 Table 4.9 Quantities and values of NWFPs in Central Africa. 128 Table 4.10 Quantities and values of NWFPs in West Africa. 130 Table 5.1 Nutrient deficiency related problems and forest foods remedies. 174 Boxes Box 2.1 Harmornized Commodity Description and Coding Systems.