THE INTRODUCED FISHES, GA AND GAME AND FUR-BEARING OF UTAH BORIS HEWITT POPOV LIBRARY UTAH STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE From mm^zmm Call N0....3.7X..2,... Ace. No..:....::... MERRILL LI / SPECIAL COLLECTlOf MICROFORM TRJ USU THESES AND 1914-19" \ m* DATE DUE Mr s -fer ~ imr IBSTfaio tj mi^s FEB 1 8 1959 iAPR 0 m§ . •••• ?*~ MAY 1 3 tft- _J ^—^ F*B I 4 WOl/j 186^ TEE INTRODUCED FISHES, GAME BX1DS, AND SAMS AID Ftm-BEAHIHG MAMMALS OP UTAH by Boris Hewitt Popov A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Seienee in Zoology Utah State Agricultural College '"" 1049 o ?•& *• Approved? iZ&£L Major Professor, ~ty Head of Departaen Dean or Graauate School ' t t • < ( < [; f ' < * < < c- c c ' i 1 I 1 t < < ' i 3 7/'2- - Acknowledgement I wish to express my appreciation to Dr» Patms H» Hsamond, to Dr. William P. Sigler, to Dr. Wayne Blnns, and to Prof. Hubert W. Smith for their suggestions .and criticisms in preparing this thesis.. I acknowledge also the kind coopera­ tion and help of Director Randall B, Turpln, Mr Marion Madsen, Mr. Jay Udy, Mr. Clifton Greenhalgh, and Mr. D. M. Gaufln of the Dtah State Fish and Game Department, Thanks are due t>r* Jessop S. Low who, besides helping t© select the problem, has served as thesis director. • I acknowledge further the help, suggestions, and inform­ ation proffered by the following individuals; Dr. Angus M. Woodbury and Dr. William Behle of the University of Utah? Dr. ¥asco M. Tanner of Brigham Young University| Mr. David H» Madsen, Mr. G. R. Walker, Mr* John B# Dooly, Jr., Mr. Jim Smyth, Mr. tf, B« 01well* Mr. A. If. Creamer, Mr. Arthur Ulllecan, and Mr* Anthony Lund all of Salt Lake City? ir. Earl Anderson of Brigham City? Mr. lewell Cook of Mantuaj Irs. Bruce A. Hartman of West Jordan; Mr. George Cox of Lehif Mr. Arnold Christensen of Bear River Cltyj and to all of the game wardens throughout the state of Utah, TABI3 OF COWTTS Page INTRODUCTION. , .<••***.«».»«».«« • 1 FISHES.»•.*»..•»»*».»*»*»•.»••»..*«»»*»..**•»»•#•**»••• $ Introduc ^xon.........*••»...•****••••**•**»«.#... 5 AMERICAiM wfi&D.«.............*.*• ...#...».»».»... ••. 5 CHUM SALMON*•••••••»•»•••*••#«•••»«••»•••»»••*•*• iiILVJ&R CALMQ Jl• *•».*,*»...*#..»»**»«».•»»•»••»»**»*»• 14 20 KIMG tsALMOji»*»•••«»*•«*»»»»»»»•#»*•»»'•»••**»»»•*•» 25 SEBAGG SALMGB««*«•»••«.**»«.«.««......*...*...... RAIMBO'ft StOUT»»»•*..•••*•••••»«*•»»»*•*»*»*»**»•»• 56 GUXJDLSI TROUT. •»»..... •..#.*..*.....*.*» • . ....... 42 BRQ«vM j?flOUl*.«...#*«* .«##****..*.»**«.* «.*«.«»«•. 45 LAKE IRO U i....... 4 ...... * . .......... ....... 49 EASTERN BROOK TROUT............ 54 LAKE Will AEEISH* ».••«*»*.**..»»**»»*«•»*»*»»•.»..»» 61 AMBRICAt? GRAYLIIG•••••.,»«*«••««••..•••••....»••• 64 AMERICAN EEL..........*........•.....•..«».*»••.. 69 sfOuIj'tfx SB • . * . ...*.* • * . » . ......... * # # 72 UARi.*.».•.**«««*«•.*.•.»«....«.*..*»«**•««*.*««. 74 CHANNEL CA J-FIKJII. ....«...*.«...-....*....*........«•. 79 Sulv& BuhLHfcAP. * . • . ..... • • . » ............ » * . 84 YELLOW PERCH»**»«•«••*•»*•»•»«••»».*»«»».**••.»•• 89 SMALLMOUTH BLACK BASS............................ 94 LARGEMOUTH BLACK BASS . -# ••*••*•*•.*.*••••• • . • . • • 97 GREEN SUNFISH.•«•««•..*«*«*«*#«*.••.»*.*««•»..».. 104 BLUiiiGILL . * ........... * . ........ ...... * . 108 ROCK BAti-S»«•*»*«.**»•••»»»»«•»««•*»»»•»•»»*»•»*»» HA BJUACK CKAPPIE. • •••«.••».•«••.•**»*••.•••»•»»*«*»•» Ho GAKE BXICDsS»»*.*•*»««»••»»•*».».•#•.«.*•***»*»*»*#«.••• 119 Introduction.... *..............••»••...*»*.....•« 119 HUNGARIAN PARTRIDGE 120 CHUKAR PARTRIDGE 126 B0BW1ITTE QUAIL• ••....•*..•.*•.•<».»*»*«•»•«...<•• 132 CALIFORNIA QUAIL.*•»**«•»••.**».»»»»•*»«»..*»»•»»• 138 RING-NECKED PHEASANT 144 iii4.iji} x uii&Ex ........................... *. ......... J.o4 GAME AND FOB-BEARING MAMMALS 161 In L.roc.uc tion .««*».««*»««..»»*.«.*«**«.*..««***.*« 161 JUAiiJi MUSARAI..................................... xv<d ft Li i.'1'i.Iii. ................ # ........ • . 166 AW xEL 01 E» * . • . * * . ........ » . ...... 183 x, ui'.. Aij v. »».**•**»»»•»»*»«*»•.»«»-•*»»..*«»*»»*»*»» xyo w» xjiiifcAfii .»...»«*•.....*...»*».»...#.•.»*...»....*»..... x y 7 TABLES A*TP TIQW Tables Page 1. SHAD MY INTRODUCTIONS IN UTAH. 8 2, SILVER SALMON PRY IMTRODUCTIONS IN UTAH........ 3. KING SALMOH FRY INTRODUCTIONS II UTAE 27 \187w—137»;................. 4. 170 NUTRIA INTRODUCTION IN UTAH......... 5* 176 ELF. IN TRODUCTIOBS IN UTAH 6. 178 ELK TRA3S PLANTS IN UTAH. 7. WTfSLSPE INTRODUCTIONS AND TRANSPLANTS 186 IN UTAH*• »*.»«•»*»**•••*.**.* Figures 1 * AMERI CAJS SHAD. * . • **.**•*««• . ...... «««»•....«... § 9 2 « SILVER SALMON• »*»».«»»»•*»**»#**•***•*»»**«•»•»« 18 3. ROKAHEiit. « »..•..* . ..*..**«....... ......... ... 23 4 . A. Hf G SALMON * » * » **••***..**#* » » . » . • . • « . * . 29 5• RAINBOW TROUT*...a.*.........*............*.... 40 6 • BROWN TRQU? T». ...*....... ..*«.......•».• .•••...• 47 7. LAKE TROUT.*......•....•......•..•............. 52 8. EASTERN BROOK TROUT 58 9 . AMERICAN GRAYLING. 67 10. CARP.«••..«»...«...«*...«*«*...••«.•........*»• 77 11* CHANNEL CATFISH. ....•»»•.»«»...»»«.•«......... 82 12* BLACK BULLHEAD*•#.««••»«..a...................* 87 13* YELLOW PERCH. ....««..»......»..«.*•».«.»*....*. 92 14. LARGE10UTH BLACK BASS*.... 101 IS* GREEis SUNfltiH* *#*.*.... ............. ......10 6 16. BL OEGILL *.*.•»*«.*..«».*.«««•«**.«.«*.««**«**.« 110 17* BLACK CHAPPIE*.«*«««»««.*«««.•..*«*««***««««•*# 117 18. HUNGARIAN PARTRIDGE,......, 124 19. CHUKAR PARTRIDGE....,.*.*. 130 20. BOBwHILbt S4UAIL*.***.*.*».*...............,..... 136 21. CALIFORNIA QUAIL..........*.*.................. 142 22. RING-NECKED PHEASANT 151 23 * iiTLit} TURKEY* * . * ..*,*.. ....,.••,... ....... * . ,. 159 24* DARK MUSKEAT. *.•*..........*...,...<*..•.,..,•. 164 25 . wU TRIA ****** **.«••***.*«.«.****...*«.., ••...•,•• 171 26. ELK* *»..*...*.....*..*.*......«*•«*. ..*...*•«... 180 27. AN TELOPE*•»*«•««*.•*.«**»**••«........*.......« 18© 28. BUFFALO*......*.•.,»«•..»»»..,»*»«....•»•».,••» 195 Introdue fcion For a number of years wildlife workers have realised the importance of the past histories of introduced species. ;;,u :;liasis in recent years has been directed toward Introduc­ tions because of the tremendous hunting and fishing pressures* Yearly increases in numbers of hunters and fishermen have been noted In Utah for the past forty years* It is hoped that this compilation of the histories of the Introduced game and fish species of Utah will be of value to sportsmen and wildlife managers alike in planning future introductions. The material Included in this paper was obtained from United States Government reports, Utah Territorial, reports* Utah State reports, newspapers and periodicals, personal interviews, and wardens* questionaires* The United States Government reports used included Bureau of Fisheries reports from 1870 to 1939, and Fish and Wildlife Service reports from 1940 to 1948. Utah Territorial reports covered the period from 1850 to 1895, and Utah State reports covered the time from 1896 until the present* Mewspapers used in the search for material Included the Deseret Evening News from 1860 to 1915, the Deseret News Weekly from 1870 to 1900, the Salt Lake Tribune from 1915 to 1948, and the Ogden Standard Examiner from 1930 to 1940, Other periodicals searched were the Journal History of the L..D.S. Church, the Transactions of the Utah Academy of Arts, Sciences, and Letters, and the Utah Educational Review* An effort was made to personally interview all present and former officials, now living, of the Utah State Fish and c Game Department, Also j^soaaally contacted were sportsmen and wliulifo federation officers kuown to haves fetes* active in fish sod ^uiuc work. i..ost of the- data necessary to plut the maps accompanying this paper were obtained from questionaires sent to all wardens in the state* Distribution maps have been \cxified by officials of the Utah State Fish and uame Depart­ ment* It is realised that the exact dates and circumstances pertaining to some of the early introductions are somewhat confused* however, an effort has been made to include only material which appears to be subs tun Hated with facts and referene&s. It is possible that in some eases introductions were made prior to those Indicated herein as first introduc­ tions* It is also possible that in some instances early workers may have used Incorrect scientific and common names. In most cas&s, however, It is felt that the materials and figures included in this paper are reasonably accurate* Throughout the paper the fish, game birds, and game and fur-bearing mammals will be treated in phylogenetic sequence. FIIMES In traduction Early settlers In Utah found cutthroat trout W&& whito- flSh tsme&WM tM many of the stro&ms and lakos of the terri­ tory. These fish furnished an Important part of the diets of these early settlers. Year round fishing and unrestricted Miods of taking fisa greatly reduced the numbers of these native fishes. At an L.D.S, Church Convention held In Salt Lake City in 1870, a committee on fish propagation was set up* This committee was composed of A. M* kusser, A* P* koekwood, Broker Petit, and Reuben Mitchell. Two of these men, Kusser and Rockwood, wore later very active In early introductions of exotic fish into Utah.* Most early fish introductions were mad© primarily for the purpose of increasing the food supply of the territory. A program for the propagation and distribution of food fishes was inaugurated If the United States Pish Commission in 1872. Until !£•• the majority of the fish introductions