JOSEPH LANE. THE STORY OF OREGON. a iøtor it(tj 1)ottaItanb3iograpjjIt BY JULIAN HAWTHORNE. IN TWO VOLUMES. VOLUME IL AMERICAN HISTORICAL PUBLISHING CO., N. Y. 1892. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PART 111.-THE ERA OF SETTLEMENT. CHAPTER VII. TILE CRACH OF TILE OX-WHIP. Two conspicuous features in early Oregon history : the provisional gov- ernment and the emigrations across the plainsSpontaneous char- acter of important human eventsWestward trend of Asiatic nations in early timesMan has now made the complete circuit of the globe The Pacific is the end, as it was the beginning, of the pilgrimage Causes of this continuous movementIts effect on human civiliza- tionA thousand years of EuropeColumbus and the PuritansAd- vance of the pioneers across the continentA halt at the Mississippi Seeming futility of further advanceBut the hereditary impulse overcame merely prudential considerationsThe pioneers own failure to account for this iinpulseNesmyth's remarksPioneers did not claim to act solely from far-seeing and self-abnegating motivesEx- ternal stimuliEffect upon emigration of St Louis' geographical positionIndividual independence of the emigrantsCamping ar- rangements and organizationAgreeable features of the tripun. pressive sceneryMarvellous features of the Platte regionHardships of the mountain passesStorms and miragesRound the camp-fire Men of destinyHeat, cold, disease, and famineAll superfluities abandonedDeath, birth, and marriageFights with IndiansHero- ism of pioneer womenThe "Bone Express"Crossing rivers Passing the CascadesRevelations of characterResponsibility of the Government for much of the suffering of the pioneersDomina- tion of Southern slave-holdersBut Oregon is to-day the better because only the strong and brave could surviveJean Applegate's tribute to Whitman Character of Applegate - Character of Burnett- Nesmyth, Holman, Simmons, BushAll States represented, and many countries of Western EuropeBurnett and MarshallDiscov- eries of goldAnecdotes of McLoughlin and of the buckskin-clad boyNesmyth's aphorism on the pioneera. 11 CHAPTER VIIL TKR LOO-CALBTF, Iand and water routes to OregonThe route na Panama theoretically the shortestIts practical disadvantagesCongestion of travel there- ii TABLE OF CONTENTS. at the period of the gold rushDisease, robbery, and delayExtrava- gant rates of fareGeneral Adair's experienceThe route through MexicoHostility of the inhabitantsLadrone8Majority of end- grants after 1847 stopped at San FranciscoOregon pioneers at the gold-diggingsFirst effect of the excitement injurious, but in the long run beneficialThe general political situation on the Pacific slope at this timeMexican inhabitantsTyler and BentonFr- mont's surveysHis expedition in 1845Suspected designs of Eng- landFrmont's secret instructionsTyler reasserts the Monroe DoctrineGillespie's message to FrémontWar inevitablcFrmont accepts leadership of CaliforniansThe Grizzly Bear FlagCom- modore Sloat's vacillationStockton succeeds himCapitulation at CahuengaFrémont's recordCalifornia nearly lost through Cal- houn's unpatriotic courseBurnett elected governorOregon and California of mutual help to each otherVindication of "The Path- finder"Captain John H. CouchHis first voyage to the Columbia McLoughlin defeats his enterpriseHis second voyage in 1843 The corner grocery. Couch's prosperity - The steamship era in OregonPanama railroad, overland stage, and pony expressChar- acter and achievements of the Oregon pioneersStatistics of settle- ment - Tom Owens - Celiast - Indian discontent - Importation of hunting dogs and Spanish cattleThe log-cabinChanges after the gold fever. 46 CHAPTER IX. TUE PEOVINCTAt GOVERNMENT. Free life ver8us restraints of civilizationIndians, half breeds, and the Hudson's Bay CompanyInternal differencesAmerican instinct for orderSir George SimpsonMethodist mission designates two mag- istrates, 1837--Memorializing CongressDeath of Ewing Young- Proceedingsat his funeral, 1841Three factionsCompromiseCon- sultation with WilkesIncrease of emigrationOregon Institute W. H. Gray's plans to secure provincial governmentPolitical value of surpriseThe two " Wolf Meetings"British opposition to the movementHow to turn "No" into "Yes"Jo MeekThe meet- ing of ISlay 2dVictory of American settlersThe Legislative Com- mitteeThe GranaryThe triumvirate: Beers, Hill, and GaleThe Cockstock caseLaw concerning negroesThe election of 1844- "Fifty-Four Forty, or Fight"Abernethy made first governor, 1845 Meek takes a censusCharacter of the provincial government Congress decides on the boundary line of 49Incidents of ernigra- tion" The Travelling Nursery"Benton's letter to the Oregonians Abernethy sends Thornton to WashingtonThornton submits a memorial to Congress, and draitsa constitutionOpposition of South- TABLE OF CONTENTS. iii em senatorsFilibusteringFinal passage of the bill conceding a territorial government to Oregon, August 13th, 1848Polk appoints General Lane governorArrival of Lane at Oregon City, and issue of proclamation, March 3d, 1849.. .. 80 PART IV.-THE ERA OF DEVELOPMENT. CHAPTER L CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF 'RE WHITMAN MASSACRE. The Indian side of white conquestRoman Catholic rersus Protestant methodsNatural misapprehension on the part of the IndiansThe Hudson's Bay Company's policyIts attitude toward Americans Causes of Indian hostility to settlersWhitman suspected of practis.- ing the black artProtestant and Catholic missionsComparative prosperity of the latterWhitman's errorThe Cayuses' quandary Evil counsels of Tom Hill and Joe LewisFlint, steel, and tinder Whitman plans to go to the DallesHis indignation at Blanchet's promptitudeTamsu-ky's sick wifeMassacre of WhitmanFather Brouillet's responsibilityThe company's neglectMcBean's push- lanimous conductAbernethy calls for volunteersNesniyth in com- mandSkirmish at Meek's crossingNo definite result attained, but the Cayuses leave the countryEscape of Joe Lewis. 112 CHAPTER XI. POLITICS, PROGRESS, AND W. Irksomeness of territorial form ofgovernmentPolitical events from 1850 to 185DOrganiZation of thegovernmentGaines succeeds Lane as governorFriction betweenWitigs and DemocratsGold found at Rogue RiverWashington separatesfrom OregonCurry made gov- ernorAttempt to form a State constitution defeatedby Democratic splitIts causeUncertainty as to the true seat of government Conflict of rival townsThe salary argumentApopular vnteIts perverse issueConstitutional Billpassed in 1837Enabling act passed by Congress. February 12th, 1859OregOn aStateCommercial matters_Steamboat trafficTelegraph lineAgriculturaldevelop- ment in the goldregionIndian troublesFighting 'with Rogue River tribes_Inevitableflessof Indian wars in new countriesRed and whiteincompatible_Sporadic hostilitiesDisadvantages of the settlers_DiSSeflZioas between the tribesoset by jealousy between 1Y TABLE OF CONTENTS. regulars and volunteersBelief in Indian union an errorMassacre of the Ward partyA. winter campaign discountenancedPolitical wranglingMajor Hailer hangs four of the murderersThe Lupton affairTemporizing policy of the regularsIndian vengeance for the Lupton attackHeroism of Mrs. HarrisPanic in the valley--Gov- ernor Stevens of WashingtonHis treaties with the Indians of the NortheastNot ratified by CongressConsequent misunderstanding between Indians and settlersSkirmishes with IndiansGeneral Wool's viewsNesmyth and RainesCampaign against the Yakimas Its partial successGovernor Stevens as a hero of comic.opera- A war to rescue himTransactions with Peu-peu-mox-mox. 130 CHAPTER XII. WAR AND PEACE. Battle of Walla WallaKilling of Peu-peu-mox-mox under a flag of traceThe Indians defeated after a five days' battleStevens and WoolMajor Hailer's retreatA naval force at SeattleCorrupt commissary serviceThe Rogue River troubles become acuteSiege of Gallic CreekDefeat of American 'troops at Grave CreekDis- posal of troops in the valleyLack of discipline and design in the campaignsConsolidation of forces under General LamerickBattle of Big MeadowsIndecisive resultEnos's conspiracyMurder of Ben WrightChief John attacks Captain Augur and is defeated Successes of the volunteers and regularsSurrender of the Indian tribes in the valleyGeneral Wool's plans for managing the Colum- bia IndiansThe attack on the CascadesSiege of the block-house Rescue by Colonel WrightFailure of his efforts to conciliate Kama-i akunGovernor Stevens's two expeditionsBattle of Grand RondPartially successful resultColonel Shaw's ultimatum- Steptoe succeeds Wright Stevens's disastrous conference with the tribesThe Puget Sound campaign a brilliant successOffset by the disgraceful defeat of Coisnel SteptoeHis flight and narrow escape General Clarke's decisive campaignTotal defeat of the Indians Sixteen ring-leaders banged__Permanent peace assured--Expenses defrayed by CongressConclusion 165 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. PAGE Alexander, R 371 Arrington, V. L 372 Bailey. Douglas W 373 Baker, Frank C 344 Beebe, Charles F 374 Binswanger, Otto S 377 Browne, James 378 Cake, H. M 445 Charlton, A. D 446 Clark,E.G 383 Clarno, Francis 354 Cox. Lewis B 391 Deady, Edward N 449 De Spain, Jeremiah... 432 Dodd, Charles II 389 Doiph, Cyrus A 242 DoweL Benjamin F 217 Durham, George H 385 Easton, F. S 4.jO Forbes, C M 274 Furnish, W. J 4.51 George. M. C 428 Grant, William 4.34 Griffin, Martin G 395 Gross. 11ev. William H 292 llacheney, Frank Hawthorne, J. C 288 ilolman, Frederick V llolrnan James P 284 Holt, Joseph 345 Huriburt, W H 414 Ison I. Buford 4()3 Jeffeçy B. J 301 VI BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. PAGE Kellogg, Orrin, Jr 398 Kelly, Penumbra 302 Kiernan, John 345 Kinney, Robert