Dinosaur Warriors Dinosaur Take a step back in time to explore all things dinosaur—from fossil hunters to baby dinosaurs! Read all the books in this series: Owen DROPCAP by Ruth Owen [Intentionally Left Blank] DROPCAP DROPCAPby Ruth Owen Consultant: Dougal Dixon, Paleontologist Member of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology United Kingdom Credits Cover, © James Kuether; 4–5, © James Kuether; 6–7, © James Kuether; 8, © The Natural History Museum/Alamy; 9, © James Kuether; 10–11, © James Kuether; 10B, © Christophe Hendrickx; 12–13, © James Kuether; 14, © The Natural History Museum/Alamy; 15, © James Kuether; 16, © David A. Burnham; 17, © John Weinstein/Field Museum/Getty Images; 18, © James Kuether; 19, © Andrey Gudkov/Dreamstime; 20, © Gaston Design Inc./Robert Gaston/www.gastondesign. com; 21, © Stocktrek Images Inc/Alamy; 22T, © W. Scott McFill/Shutterstock; 22B, © James Kuether; 23T, © Edward Ionescu/Dreamstime; 23B, © benedek/Istock Photo. Publisher: Kenn Goin Senior Editor: Joyce Tavolacci Creative Director: Spencer Brinker Image Researcher: Ruth Owen Books Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Owen, Ruth, 1967– author. Title: Dinosaur warriors / by Ruth Owen. Description: New York, New York : Bearport Publishing, [2019] | Series: The dino-sphere | Includes bibliographical references and index. DROPCAP Identifiers: LCCN 2018049812 (print) | LCCN 2018053176 (ebook) | ISBN 9781642802566 (Ebook) | ISBN 9781642801873 (library) Subjects: LCSH: Dinosaurs—Juvenile literature. Classification: LCC QE861.5 (ebook) | LCC QE861.5 .O8456 2019 (print) | DDC 567.9—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018049812 Copyright © 2019 Ruby Tuesday Books. Published in the United States by Bearport Publishing Company, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in whole or in part, stored in any retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. For more information, write to Bearport Publishing Company, Inc., 45 West 21st Street, Suite 3B, New York, New York 10010. Printed in the United States of America. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Time to Fight! . 4 Who’s the Strongest? . 6 Horns for Fighting . 8 A Stegoceras Battle . .10 Fighting with Spikes . .12 A Big Bite ....................14 T. rex Warriors . 16 Food Fight! . .18 FightingDROPCAP Forever . 20 Glossary ........................ 22 Index ........................... 24 Read More ...................... 24 Learn More Online . 24 About the Author . 24 Time to Fight! There’s a big cloud of dirt. A male Triceratops charges at a bigger male. Behind them is a herd of females. The smaller male wants to lead the DROPCAPherd! A Triceratops had a big, colorful neck frill. Males probably shook the frills to show their strength. 4 neck frill DROPCAP Triceratops (try-SER-uh-tops) 5 , Who s the Strongest? Crash! The two Triceratops warriors lock horns. Each one tries to push the other away from the herd. DROPCAP 6 The winner of the battle will lead the group! Triceratops was a plant- eating dinosaur. Its name means “three-horned head.” DROPCAP 7 Horns for Fighting How do we know Triceratops used its horns for fighting? Scientists have found fossils of Triceratops skulls. The skulls have holes in them. The holes were made by the horns of other Triceratops! DROPCAP Triceratops horn fossil 8 The horns on top of a Triceratops’s head were 3 feet (1 m) long! Triceratops skull DROPCAP holes 9 A Stegoceras Battle Some dinosaurs were small but mighty! A Stegoceras was dog-sized. It had a big, bony head, like a football helmet. A male StegocerasDROPCAP used its hard head to attack other males! Stegoceras skull 10 Why did these dinosaurs fght? Scientists think they fought over females. Stegoceras (STEG-oh-ser-us) DROPCAP 11 Fighting with Spikes Dinosaurs also fought to stay safe. Stegosaurus fought off Allosaurus with its spiky tail. Scientists found an Allosaurus fossil with a hole in it. The hole matched the spike on the tail of a Stegosaurus! DROPCAP Allosaurus (AL-oh-sor-uhs) 12 A Stegosaurus had four spikes on its tail. Each spike was 3 feet (1 m) long. DROPCAP Stegosaurus (STEG-oh-sor-us) 13 A Big Bite Tyrannosaurus rex, or T. rex, T. rex tooth hunted for plant-eating dinosaurs. One day, millions of years ago, a T. rex attacked an Edmontosaurus. The T. rex took a bite from the plant-eater’s tail. How do we know?DROPCAP The edges of a T. rex’s teeth were jagged to slice through meat. 14 Tyrannosaurus rex (ti-ran-uh-SOR-uhs REKS) DROPCAP Edmontosaurus (ED-mohn-tow-sor-uhs) 15 T. rex Warriors Scientists found an Edmontosaurus tailbone fossil. There’s a broken T. rex tooth in the bone! Edmontosaurus fossil DROPCAP T. rex tooth It shows that a T. rex attacked an Edmontosaurus. 16 Some T. rex skulls have T. rex tooth marks in them. T. rexes fought each other, too! T. rex skull DROPCAP T. rex tooth marks 17 Food Fight! Dinosaurs called Deinonychuses battled over food. Deinonychus (dye-NON-ih-kuss) DROPCAP 18 Scientists found fossils of large and small Deinonychuses. They were fighting over meat. The scientists discovered that the big ones killed and ate the smaller ones! Komodo dragon DROPCAP Today, lizards called Komodo dragons fght over food in the same way. 19 Fighting Forever Scientists found a fossil of two dinosaurs locked together. Long ago, a fierce Velociraptor attacked a Protoceratops. DROPCAP The Velociraptor’s foot claw stabbed the plant-eater’s neck. 20 Then, the two dinosaurs died and were buried in sand. Over time, their bodies turned to rock, trapping the fighters forever! DROPCAP Protoceratops (PRO-toe-ser-uh-tops) Velociraptor (vuh-LOSS-uh-rap-tawr) 21 Glossary fossils (FOSS-uhlz) the rocky remains of animals and plants that lived millions of years ago DROPCAP herd (HURD) a large group of animals that live together 22 jagged (JAG-id) having a rough edge made up of sharp points DROPCAP scientists (SYE-uhn-tists) people who study nature and the world 23 Index Allosaurus 12–13 Komodo dragons 19 teeth 14, 16–17 Deinonychus 18–19 Protoceratops 20–21 Triceratops 4–5, 6–7, 8–9 Edmontosaurus 14–15, 16 spikes 12–13 Tyrannosaurus rex 14–15, fossils 8–9, 12, 16, 19 Stegoceras 10–11 16–17 horns 6–7, 8–9 Stegosaurus 12–13 Velociraptor 20–21 Read More Ganeri, Anita, and O’Hearn, Michael. Triceratops vs. David West. Dinosaurs Stegosaurus: When Horns and Plates (Monster Fight Club). Collide (Dinosaur Wars). North New York: Rosen (2012). Mankato, MN: Capstone (2010). LearnDROPCAP More Online To learn more about dinosaurs, visit www.bearportpublishing.com/dinosphere About the Author Ruth Owen has been developing and writing children’s books for more than ten years. She first discovered dinosaurs when she was four years old—and loves them as much today as she did then! 24 [Intentionally Left Blank] DROPCAP Dinosaur Warriors Dinosaur Take a step back in time to explore all things dinosaur—from fossil hunters to baby dinosaurs! Read all the books in this series: DROPCAP Owen by Ruth Owen.