GOVERNANCE AND HUMAN SECURITY IN ANAMBRA STATE, 1999-2007 BY GINIKA UCHE-NWANKWO PG/MSC/08/48783 DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA NSUKKA FEBRUARY, 2010 i GOVERNANCE AND HUMAN SECURITY IN ANAMBRA STATE, 1999-2007 BY GINIKA UCHE-NWANKWO PG/MSC/08/48783 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER OF SCIENCE (MS.c) IN POLITICAL SCIENCE (GOVERNMENT) TO THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA. SUPERVISOR: PROF. JONAH ONUOHA Ph.D. FEBRUARY, 2010 ii APPROVAL PAGE GINIKA UCHE-NWANKWO a postgraduate student in the Department of Political Science with Registration Number PG/MS.c/08/48783 has satisfactorily completed research requirements for the award of Master of Science in Political Science (International Relations). The work embodied in this thesis is original and has not been submitted in part or in full for another degree of this or any other university, to the best of our knowledge: ---------------------------------- ------------------------------- Prof. Jonah Onuoha Ph.D Prof. E. O. Ezeani, Ph.D (Supervisor) (Head of Department) ---------------------------------- ------------------------------- External Examiner Dean iii DEDICATION To my brother Reverend Father, Prof. Ben, Ejide who inspired me iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The completion of this project report is due to the contribution of people too numerous to mention. However, I must thank my husband for his patience, understanding, prayers and financial support . I have benefited greatly from the assistance of my supervisor, Prof. Jonah Onuoha Ph.D., who expertly supervised this study. I am also grateful to the academic staff of the Department of Political Science, especially Prof. Ikejiani-Clark who encouraged and offered useful suggestions to me during the period of this programme. To me she is a mother indeed. I am also indebted to the Head of Department Prof E. O. Ezeani, Prof Obasi Igwe, and Prof O. Ibeanu, Dr Aloysius Okolie, Dr Ken Ifesinachi, Dr. Ogban Ogban Iyam, for their contributions. The Center for American Studies (CAST) was a profound source of valuable materials for this work. To their library staff, I am grateful. I am grateful to the following coursemates, Oluchi Nwosu, Leo Aneto, Regina Nweze, Chika and Amos. Others are Ezeibe Christain, Chilaka Francis, Amala, Aja, Chinemerem and others who through their robust academic debates raised the bar of my knowledge. I appreciate the support, cooperation and love shown by my children. Indeed, your actions and inactions were the major catalyst for my psychological disposition and sense of duty. To the rest of the people whose works I cited and others I cannot mention here. I say may God bless you. I remain responsible for any short falls to the content of this thesis. Ginika Uche-Nwankwo University of Nigeria Nsukka February, 2010. v ABSTRACT The Federal Republic of Nigeria is a country blessed with natural and human resources so vast and rare. She sits atop a geographical location that is devoid of worrisome natural disasters like earthquakes, whirlwinds and seasonal storms that often present obstacles to national growth and development. Regrettably, the country has failed to harness this opportunity for national development. Rather, what we have is a break down and decay of social infrastructure; health services are largely unavailable; education is costly and without recognizable standards; power generation and energy supply is epileptic. Pensioners and civil servants are denied and owed their legitimate payments and dues. For lack of security there is breakdown of law and order in the polity, people are robbed, maimed, kidnapped and killed at will. The country is so rich but the majority of people are poor living on a dollar per day. The basic needs of life are clearly and unfortunately lacking. Notable scholars such as (Asobie, 2008; Onuoha, 2008; Nwankwo, 2008; Mbachu, 2005; Albert, 2003; Jega, 2007) have all acknowledged the above situation. It is against this background that this study sets out to investigate Governance and Human Security in Anambra State , 1990- 2007. To achieve the objective of this study, three research questions were raised. To critically examine the questions, the study anchored analysis on the Responsive Capability analytical framework and adopted the case study approach with data collected through primary and secondary sources. To ensure the reliability and validity of instruments,the technique of content analysis was rigorously and systematically applied. After a detailed review of extant literatuire and analyses of available data,the study made the following findings; first, human insecurity in Anambra between the period under review was and still a consequence of ineffective governance. Second, that this insecurity encompasses poverty and prevalent among children and women. Third, the poor performance of political office holders in Anambra state has led to poor delivery of basic services to the people. vi TABLE OF CONTENT Title Page -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - i Approval Page -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ii Dedication -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- iii Acknowledgement -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- iv Abstract -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- v Table of Content -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- vi CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION. 1.1 Statement of problem - - - - - - - 4 1. 2 Objectives of the Study - - - - - - -4 1.3 Significance of the Study - - - - - - -9 1.4 Literature Review - - - - - - - -10 1.5 Theoretical Framework -- - - - - - - 10 1.6 Hypotheses - - - - - - - - - 54 1.7 Method of Data Collection- - - - - - - 56 CHAPTER TWO: HISTORY OF ANAMBRA STATE AND GOVERNANCE 2.1 History of Anambra State - - - - - - 59 2.2 History of Governance in Anambra State - - - - 64 CHAPTER THREE: PUBLIC MANAGEMENT AND GOOD GOVERNANCE /ANAMBRA STATE 3.1 Public Service Delivery in Anambra State - - - - 81 3.1.1 Situation of Children and Women in Anambra State - - 83 3.2 Anambra State and the Environment - - - - 86 vii CHAPTER FOUR: INSECURITY AND POVERTY IN ANAMBRA STATE 4.1 Governance and Insecurity in Anambra State - - - 91 4.2 Poverty Situation in Anambra State - - - - - 97 CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 5.1 Summary and Conclusion - - - - - - -99 BIBLIOGRAPHY- 1 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION At the inauguration of the country’s civilian administration in May 29th 1999, the expectation was that the end had come for the era of insecurity and the seeming intractable conflicts that characterized the final days of the military regime. It gave hope that a foundation for quicker development had been laid in the country. At the last years of the military regime, the social situation in Nigeria had become very problematic. Infact, the last ten (10) years were specifically turbulent (see Tedheke, 2005; Elaigwu, 2005; Wakili, 2005; Bakoje, 2005 etc). Explaining the reasons for such situation, Mbah (2008: 3) linked it to the failure of the neo-liberal economic policies that become more pungent in the 80s and manifested in unfriendly impact on the people: widespread unemployment, hunger and misery, precarious health conditions and other similar conditions symptomatic of extreme poverty in the society and exposed the spheres of social security to all sorts of crises (see also Obasi, 1989). With the individual means of livelihood and standard of living dropping below tolerable level, conflict increased involving both groups and individuals creating further insecurity to lives and properties. The sustenance of internal conflicts in Nigeria is linked to poverty and that conflicts generate low level of development in the country (Nwanegbo, 2008: 30 – 38). More specific consequences were seen in the impact it had on the capacity of the individual members of the society in providing their basic needs of life (food, clothing, shelter). It affects both the social, political, economic, environmental and cultural conditions. It equally reduces, if not entirely denies the people of their fundamental freedom and basic rights – denies the people access to education, healthcare, opportunities and choices and subjects 2 them to a deep situation of uncertainty (see Nwanegbo 2005; 2006 and 2008). All these which anchor on the security of human persons create a new view and another dimension of problem that calls for inquiry. On the international or external relationship of the country, it impacts in various ways, especially as the unsecured situation scare away foreign investments and creates deeper economic problems, poverty and underdevelopment. The amount of aid, assistance, trade and other forms of relationship dropped, creating more problems of choices and opportunities for the people. The situation was so bad that the former President Chief Olusegun Obasanjo was describing the country repeatedly as a “Pariah Nation”. This same situation also generated pressure in the society as groups in the society conflict on contending opinions and on measures to survive the harsh conditions. Individual pressure also increased with the collapse of the social services and the rate of crime shot up to unimaginable level making yet other people not only vulnerable but to begin to live in the situation of uncertainty. This situation of uncertainty has been linked to the collapse in the governmental system which many scholars have attributed to poor institutionalization of the governmental process and deep seated corruption in the bureaucracy (see Ademolkun and Gboyega, 1979). The situation presented above laid a foundation for the initiation of this study. It is against this