ISSN 0738-9388 ISSN 0738-9388 TH E F E S T I VU S T H E F E S T I VU S A publication of the San Diego Shell Club A publication of the San Diego Shell Club Volume XXXIX September 9, 2007 Supplement Volume XXXIX September 9, 2007 Supplement The Recent Molluscan Fauna of Île Clipperton The Recent Molluscan Fauna of Île Clipperton (Tropical Eastern Pacific) (Tropical Eastern Pacific) Kirstie L. Kaiser Kirstie L. Kaiser US US Vol. XXXIX: Supplement THE FESTIV Page i Vol. XXXIX: Supplement THE FESTIV Page i ISSN 0738-9388 ISSN 0738-9388 THE RECENT MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF ÎLE CLIPPERTON THE RECENT MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF ÎLE CLIPPERTON (TROPICAL EASTERN PACIFIC) (TROPICAL EASTERN PACIFIC) KIRSTIE L. KAISER KIRSTIE L. KAISER Research Associate, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Research Associate, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History 2559 Puesta del Sol Road, Santa Barbara, California 93105, USA 2559 Puesta del Sol Road, Santa Barbara, California 93105, USA Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] September 9, 2007 September 9, 2007 Front Cover: Sunrise at Clipperton. Looking East-SE across the lagoon to Clipperton Rock. Photograph taken by Camille Front Cover: Sunrise at Clipperton. Looking East-SE across the lagoon to Clipperton Rock. Photograph taken by Camille Fresser on 14 January 2005 at 7:49 a.m. Fresser on 14 January 2005 at 7:49 a.m. Front (inside) Cover: Bathymetric chart of Île Clipperton. Copyright: Septième Continent – Jean-Louis Etienne, Expédition Front (inside) Cover: Bathymetric chart of Île Clipperton. Copyright: Septième Continent – Jean-Louis Etienne, Expédition Clipperton. Graphics: Camille Fresser, Septième Continent. Clipperton. Graphics: Camille Fresser, Septième Continent. Vol. XXXIX: Supplement THE FESTIVUS Page iii TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................... iii ABSTRACT................................................................. 1 INTRODUCTION............................................................. 1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT..................................................... 3 MALACOLOGICAL HISTORY OF CLIPPERTON....................................... 6 MATERIALS AND METHODS................................................... 10 ABBREVIATIONS...................................................... 11 DISCUSSION............................................................... 11 CONCLUSION.............................................................. 13 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS....................................................... 13 LITERATURE CITED......................................................... 15 APPENDIX 1: AN ANNOTATED TAXONOMIC COMPILATION OF THE RECENT MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF ÎLE CLIPPERTON............................................. 23 APPENDIX 2: AN ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF REJECTED SPECIES PREVIOUSLY RECORDED FROM ÎLE CLIPPERTON ....................................... 53 APPENDIX 3: A DOCUMENTED ZOOGEOGRAPHIC REVIEW OF THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF ÎLE CLIPPERTON........................................................ 57 APPENDIX 4: BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON 1994, 1998, 2005, 2007 CLIPPERTON EXPEDITIONS WITH MAP OF COLLECTING STATIONS ................................ 66 BLACK AND WHITE PLATES (1-41) WITH FIGURE LEGENDS................................... 72 COLOR PLATES (42-43) WITH FIGURE LEGENDS ............................................ 154 INDEX TO TAXA......................................................................... 158 Vol. XXXIX: Supplement THE FESTIVUS Page 1 Vol. XXXIX: Supplement THE FESTIVUS Page 1 THE RECENT MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF ÎLE CLIPPERTON THE RECENT MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF ÎLE CLIPPERTON (TROPICAL EASTERN PACIFIC) (TROPICAL EASTERN PACIFIC) KIRSTIE L. KAISER 1 KIRSTIE L. KAISER 1 Research Associate, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Research Associate, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol Road, Santa Barbara, California 93105, USA 2559 Puesta del Sol Road, Santa Barbara, California 93105, USA E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Abstract: Scientific expeditions to Île Clipperton were undertaken in 1994, 1998, 2005 and 2007 to investigate community Scientific expeditions to Île Clipperton were undertaken in 1994, 1998, 2005 and 2007 to investigate community compositions both on and around this uninhabited coral atoll. These studies have allowed a reevaluation of the compositions both on and around this uninhabited coral atoll. These studies have allowed a reevaluation of the molluscan biodiversity of the most isolated oceanic island of the tropical eastern Pacific (TEP). Prior to this current molluscan biodiversity of the most isolated oceanic island of the tropical eastern Pacific (TEP). Prior to this current work, the last complete study (Emerson, 1994) listed a total of 92 mollusk species at Clipperton. The known molluscan work, the last complete study (Emerson, 1994) listed a total of 92 mollusk species at Clipperton. The known molluscan taxa are herein significantly increased 210%, for a total of 285 species. This is assuredly an underestimate, especially taxa are herein significantly increased 210%, for a total of 285 species. This is assuredly an underestimate, especially for species inhabiting deeper water which has yet to be adequately sampled. for species inhabiting deeper water which has yet to be adequately sampled. The majority of taxa are illustrated by photography and scanning electron microscopy. An inter-oceanic island The majority of taxa are illustrated by photography and scanning electron microscopy. An inter-oceanic island biogeographic comparison and an annotated species list are included. biogeographic comparison and an annotated species list are included. Figure 1. Aerial view of Île Clipperton from the southeast, taken from a commercial tuna seiner helicopter, January 2005. Figure 1. Aerial view of Île Clipperton from the southeast, taken from a commercial tuna seiner helicopter, January 2005. Photo: C. Fresser. Photo: C. Fresser. Introduction biogeographic interest. These islands pose questions Introduction biogeographic interest. These islands pose questions Île Clipperton (Figures 1,2) is considered one of the relating to dispersal and endemism in comparison to the Île Clipperton (Figures 1,2) is considered one of the relating to dispersal and endemism in comparison to the five groups of remote oceanic islands of the tropical other island groups of the TEP and tropical west five groups of remote oceanic islands of the tropical other island groups of the TEP and tropical west eastern Pacific (TEP) which are of particular American mainland fauna. To better understand the eastern Pacific (TEP) which are of particular American mainland fauna. To better understand the Mailing address: Paseo de las Conchas Chinas #115, dept. 4, Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, C.P. 48390. México. E-mail: [email protected] Mailing address: Paseo de las Conchas Chinas #115, dept. 4, Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, C.P. 48390. México. E-mail: [email protected] Page 2 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XXXIX: Supplement Page 2 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XXXIX: Supplement Figure 2. The five tropical eastern Pacific oceanic island groups. Map by D.L. Geiger. Figure 2. The five tropical eastern Pacific oceanic island groups. Map by D.L. Geiger. nature of insular biota relative to immigration and by its extreme isolation, small size, and most nature of insular biota relative to immigration and by its extreme isolation, small size, and most distributions, Newman (1996) gave a historical review importantly, low habitat diversity. These physical distributions, Newman (1996) gave a historical review importantly, low habitat diversity. These physical and insight into oceanic islands. parameters have contributed to its greatly impoverished and insight into oceanic islands. parameters have contributed to its greatly impoverished The five tropical eastern Pacific oceanic groups are: molluscan fauna in comparison to other TEP oceanic The five tropical eastern Pacific oceanic groups are: molluscan fauna in comparison to other TEP oceanic Islas Revillagigedo, México (18/N); Île Clipperton, islands. First discovered in 1711 as “Isla de la Pasión” Islas Revillagigedo, México (18/N); Île Clipperton, islands. First discovered in 1711 as “Isla de la Pasión” French possession (10/N); Isla del Coco, Costa Rica (Skinner & Schmieder, 1996), the only atoll of the French possession (10/N); Isla del Coco, Costa Rica (Skinner & Schmieder, 1996), the only atoll of the (5/N); Isla de Malpelo, Colombia (3/N), and Islas tropical eastern Pacific, which is much nearer to the (5/N); Isla de Malpelo, Colombia (3/N), and Islas tropical eastern Pacific, which is much nearer to the Galápagos, Ecuador (0/) (Figure 2). They are all American mainland than to the nearest Pacific islands to Galápagos, Ecuador (0/) (Figure 2). They are all American mainland than to the nearest Pacific islands to separated from the mainland by abyssal depths. Malpelo the west, has long intrigued biogeographers. Collections separated from the mainland by abyssal depths. Malpelo the west, has long intrigued biogeographers. Collections is closest at 435 km and Clipperton farthest at 1,280 km. of marine fauna including fishes (Allen, 1995, Robertson is closest at 435 km and Clipperton farthest at 1,280 km. of marine fauna including fishes (Allen, 1995, Robertson The molluscan fauna has been intensely studied in & Allen, 1996; crustaceans (Poupin et al., in press); The molluscan fauna has been intensely studied in & Allen, 1996; crustaceans