University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln University of Nebraska Press -- Sample Books and Chapters University of Nebraska Press Spring 2013 A Reference Grammar of Kotiria (Wanano) Kristine Stenzel Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/unpresssamples Stenzel, Kristine, "A Reference Grammar of Kotiria (Wanano)" (2013). University of Nebraska Press -- Sample Books and Chapters. 197. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/unpresssamples/197 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the University of Nebraska Press at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Nebraska Press -- Sample Books and Chapters by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. A Reference Grammar of Kotiria (Wanano) Buy the Book STUDIES IN THE NATIVE LANGUAGES OF THE AMERICAS Editors Douglas R. Parks Raymond J. DeMallie Recipient of the Mary R. Haas Award Presented by The Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas Buy the Book A REFERENCE GRAMMAR OF KOTIRIA (WANANO) Kristine Stenzel University of Nebraska Press Lincoln and London In cooperation with the American Indian Studies Research Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington Buy the Book © 2013 by the Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America This book is published as part of the Recovering Languages and Literacies of the Americas ini- tiative. Recovering Languages and Literacies is generously supported by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. Library of Congress Control Number: 2013937811 Buy the Book For my husband Jorge and my son Julian Buy the Book Buy the Book Contents List of tables xiii List of figures and maps xv Preface xvi Acknowledgments xvii Abbreviations used in glosses xix Abbreviations for example sources xxi Format of examples and texts xxii 1 The Kotiria and their language 1 1.1 Linguistic diversity in Brazilian Amazonia 1 1.2 The Tukanoan language family 3 1.2.1 Research on Tukanoan languages 6 1.2.2 Research on the Kotiria language 8 1.3 The Kotiria: demographics and geographic location 8 1.4 A brief history of contact 13 1.5 Linguistic exogamy, multilingualism, and the Vaupés social system 15 1.6 The specter of language loss and the development of language maintenance programs 18 2 Phonology 22 2.1 Phonemic inventory 22 2.2 Consonants 23 2.2.1 Plosives: voiced, voiceless unaspirated, voiceless aspirated 24 2.2.2 The relation of [d] and [r] 30 The affricate /ݹ/ 32 2.2.3 2.2.4 Allophones of oral consonants 34 2.3 Vowels and vowel harmony 36 2.4 The syllable 38 2.4.1 Shapes, constraints, and association rules 38 2.4.2 Moras in prosodic structure 39 2.5 Suprasegmental nasalization 42 2.5.1 Nasal allophones and derivations of [+nasal] morphemes 43 2.5.2 Spreading processes 45 2.6 Suprasegmental tone 48 2.6.1 Tone or pitch accent? 48 2.6.2 Derivations and spreading processes 50 2.6.3 Monomoraic roots and tonal melodies 55 Buy the Book YLLL Contents 6XSUDVHJPHQWDOJORWWDOL]DWLRQ 6HJPHQWRUVXSUDVHJPHQW" $VVRFLDWLRQDQGGHULYDWLRQV *ORWWDOL]DWLRQDQGSUHDVSLUDWLRQ &RRFFXUUHQFHRIVXSUDVHJPHQWDOV 2WKHUFRPPRQO\RFFXUULQJSKRQRORJLFDOSURFHVVHV )XVLRQRIOLNHYRZHOV 9RZHOGHYRLFLQJ 7KH.RWLULDSUDFWLFDORUWKRJUDSK\ 3 Words %DVLFPRUSKRORJLFDOSURFHVVHV 5RRWVQRXQYHUEDQGSDUWLFOH 9HUEDOZRUGV )LQLWHVLPSOHQRQILQLWHDQGQRPLQDOL]HGQRQILQLWHYHUEV 'HULYHGYHUEV 1RPLQDOZRUGV 6LPSOHQRXQV 'HULYHGQRXQV :RUGVH[SUHVVLQJDGMHFWLYDODQGDGYHUELDOQRWLRQV 3URSHUWLHVRIURRWVVXIIL[HVDQGFOLWLFV 3KRQRORJLFDODQGJUDPPDWLFDOZRUGV 6RPHFRQVLGHUDWLRQVRQWKHRUWKRJUDSKLFZRUG 4 Noun classes and noun formation 1RXQFODVVHVLQ(DVWHUQ7XNDQRDQODQJXDJHV $QLPDWHV 1RXQVZLWKKXPDQUHIHUHQWVJHQGHUDQGQXPEHU 1RQKXPDQLQGLYLGXDODQLPDWHV ,QKHUHQWO\FROOHFWLYHDQLPDWHV /LQJXLVWLFFRGLQJDQGWKHKLHUDUFK\RIDQLPDWHV ,QDQLPDWHV 0DVVQRXQV &RXQWDEOHQRXQVXQVXIIL[HGQRXQVDQGERG\SDUW QRXQVZLWK+ro ,QDQLPDWHVZLWKFODVVLILHUV *HQHUDOSURSHUWLHVRI.RWLULDQRXQFODVVLILFDWLRQ 'HULYHGQRXQV 1RPLQDOVGHULYHGIURPYHUEDOURRWV 1RPLQDOVGHULYHGIURPSDUWLFOHV 7KHQHJDWLYHQRPLQDO~de 3URQRXQV 'HLFWLFIRUPVILUVWDQGVHFRQGSHUVRQ $QDSKRULFIRUPVWKLUGSHUVRQ $QDSKRULFIRUPVIRULQDQLPDWHV 1RXQFRPSRXQGV Buy the Book Contents L[ 5 Nominal morphology $GGLWLRQDOPRUSKHPHVFRGLQJOH[LFDOLQIRUPDWLRQ (YDOXDWLYHV-~kaµGLPLQXWLYH¶-wҁ’rҁµDXJPHQWDWLYH¶ 2WKHUTXDOLI\LQJPRUSKHPHV-khҁµDGGLWLYH¶-dita µVROLWDU\¶DQG(-)waroµHPSKDWLF¶ 0RUSKHPHVFRGLQJJUDPPDWLFDOLQIRUPDWLRQ /RFDWLYHV+i-pҁ 2EMHFW+re &RPLWDWLYHLQVWUXPHQWDO=~be’re 0RUSKHPHVFRGLQJGLVFRXUVHOHYHOLQIRUPDWLRQ 5HIHUHQWLDO=ta &RQWUDVWLYHVXEMHFW-se’e 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2WKHUFODXVHVZLWKVHTXHQFHVRIYHUEV $VXPPDU\FRPSDULVRQRIPXOWLSOHYHUEFRQVWUXFWLRQV Buy the Book [LL Contents Appendix 1: Texts 2UDOQDUUDWLYHV :ULWWHQWH[WVIURPLet’s Study in Kotiria Appendix 2: Vocabulary References Index Buy the Book List of tables Table 1.1 Sorensen’s classification of Eastern Tukanoan 5 Table 1.2 Classification of the Tukanoan family according to Waltz and Wheeler (1972) and Barnes (1999) 5 Table 1.3 Classification of Tukanoan according to Ramirez 5 Table 2.1 Kotiria consonant phonemes 22 Table 2.2 Kotiria vowel phonemes 23 Table 2.3 Cognates of Kotiria words with initial unaspirated voiceless plosives 28 Table 2.4 Disyllabic roots with word-initial voiceless plosives 29 Table 2.5 CV roots with word-initial voiceless plosives 29 Table 2.6 Kotiria aspiration from deletion of vowel before /h/ 30 Table 2.7 Correspondences between Kotiria [ݹ] and Eastern Tukanoan [k] 33 Table 2.8 Further examples of loss of a left-edge syllable in Kotiria 41 Table 2.9 Kotiria CV roots with CVV cognates in Wa’ikhana 42 Table 2.10 Some minimal pairs for nasalization 43 Table 2.11 Kotiria [Ønasal] morphemes 46 Table 2.12 Monomoraic roots with initial L tone 59 Table 2.13 Minimal pairs for glottalization in CVCV roots 59 Table 2.14 Minimal pairs for glottalization in CVV roots 59 Table 2.15 Cognates of Kotiria words with glottal stop coda 61 Table 2.16 Words with LH or LHL melody and no glottal stop 64 Table 2.17 Contrast of glottal stop and preaspiration 67 Table 2.18 Contrasts of suprasegmentals within roots 68 Table 2.19 Characteristics of suprasegmentals 70 Table 3.1 Distribution of morphemes per word in two Kotiria texts 78 Table 3.2 Root shapes 79 Table 3.3 Properties of morphemes