FENNO-UGRICA SUECANA Nova series Journal of Fenno -Ugric R esearch in Scandinavia 15 Institutionen för slaviska och baltiska språk, finska, nederländska och tyska Stockholm 2016 FENNO-UGRICA SUECANA Nova series Journal of Fenno-Ugric Research in Scandinavia 15 Editor-in-chief: Jarmo Lainio Issue editors: Peter S. Piispanen & Merlijn de Smit Editorial board: Jarmo Lainio, Stockholm Peter S. Piispanen, Stockholm Merlijn de Smit, Stockholm/Turku Stockholm 2016 © 2016 The authors Institutionen för slaviska och baltiska språk, finska, nederländska och tyska ISSN 0348-3045 ISBN 978-91-981559-0-7 FENNO-UGRICA SUECANA – Nova series 15 ARTICLES • Peter Piispanen : Statistical Dating of Finno-Mordvinic Languages through Comparative Linguistics and Sound Laws, p. 1 – 58 • Ante Aikio & Jussi Ylikoski: The origin of the Finnic l-cases, p. 59 – 158 • Håkan Rydving: Sydsamisk eller umesamisk? ”Södra Tärna” i det samiska språklandskapet, p. 159 – 174 • Riitta-Liisa Valijärvi : Ruotsinsuomalaisten opiskelijoiden kirjallisen tuotoksen morfosyntaksin ja sanaston virheanalyysia, p. 175 – 200 REVIEW No reviews in this issue. REPORTS • Lasse Vuorsola : Atmosfärförändring inom klimatdebatten, p. 201 – 207 REVIEW ARTICLE No review articles in this issue. FUS 15, 2016, ISSN 0348-3045, ISBN 978-91-981559-0-7 (online) Fenno-Ugrica Suecana – Nova Series This is the second issue of the revitalized Fenno-Ugrica Suecana series (now additionally termed ‘Nova Series‘), which continues to focus on issues concerning Fenno-Ugristics and Fennistics, in a wide sense. We invite researchers, teachers and other scientifically interested persons to send us contributions for publication. The planned annual deadlines are October 15th in the fall and February 15th in the spring. This second new issue will contain some articles and reports based on contributions delivered to the board during 2016 or earlier. The scientific fields that we try to cover remain the ones from the earlier publications, which are the following: the Finno-Ugric languages, Fennistics, Meänkieli studies, Sámi studies and other related languages situated in Sweden and Scandinavia, but also other scientific fields that in various ways are connected to the mentioned languages and their cultures, including their literatures. We will soon establish a permanent web address through which correspondence may be sent directly to the board – until then use the addresses provided in the Instructions for Authors section of this paper. The publication will be electronic, but designed so that the full issues will be possible to print on demand in the future. The different types of contributions we are looking forward to receiving are these: -scientific articles, -review articles, -reports, -reviews, and -discussion papers The languages of publication are Swedish (Norwegian and Danish may be accepted), Finnish, Meänkieli, English, German, and possibly other Finno-Ugric languages which the editorial board may have competence in. In all cases, an English abstract should be attached to the articles. It is the responsibility of the authors to finalize the proof-reading and language-check the contributions for publication. We target scientific articles with a length of about 20 pages (about 10 000 words), including references. In the coming issues, we would like to also specifically invite Ph.D. students to send us for publication a research plan/description of their Ph.D. work or project (approximately 4 000 words) to be published as Reports. This presentation would facilitate the interested readers to have a grasp of what is going on at the moment in Scandinavia within the targeted fields of study. There is a scientific board of about ten scholars (see separate presentation). There will be a process of peer reviewing of scientific articles and review articles, whereas the editorial board will by itself read and comment on the other contributions. Of the earlier printed volumes there is a possibility to order (at the cost of posting/shipping) the following issues: nrs 3, 4, 6, 9, 11 and 12. Jarmo Lainio Merlijn de Smit Peter S. Piispanen Stockholm Stockholm/Turku Stockholm Preface by the volume editors We are pleased to present the second issue in the Nova Series of the journal Fenno-Ugrica Suecana. The original journal appeared from 1978 to 1994, and presented a broad range of research ranging from the minority Finno-Ugric languages of the Scandinavian countries to Mari and Hungarian, as well as literary and cultural studies. With the Nova Series, we intend to continue that tradition and present a broad selection of research specifically involving, but by no means limited to, Finno-Ugric studies in the Scandinavian countries. This second issue contains four peer-reviewed research articles as well one briefer report. The first paper, Statistical Dating of Finno-Mordvinic Languages through Comparative Linguistics and Sound Laws , applies an innovative combination of lexicostatistical methodology and traditional historical-comparative phonology to the dating of West Uralic proto-languages. With recent interest in the deployment of quantitative and evolutionary methodology in dating proto-languages, evidenced by for example the work of the BEDLAN group in Finland, Piispanen's work deserves close attention. The second paper, The origin of the Finnic l-cases , by Ante Aikio and Jussi Ylikoski, presents an elaborate new look at a problem that has confounded Uralic historical morphology - the origins of the Finnic outer local case system with its absence of comparanda in closely related language groups such as Mordvin and Saami, whereas local l-cases do occur in Permic and Mari. The authors reject the traditional explanation for the origin of these cases in a derivational local suffix *-lA but instead seek their origin in postpositions such as yllä 'above' and alla 'below'. Aikio and Ylikoski's paper is an extended and reworked version of a paper that has earlier appeared in Sámi, and the editors of this volume are proud to enable it to reach a wider audience. The third paper is Håkan Rydving's Sydsamisk eller umesamisk? ”Södra Tärna” i det samiska språklandskapet , which treats a variety of Sámi that has, after the appearance of Wolfgang Schlachter's 1958 Wörterbuch des Waldlappen-dialekts von Malå , often been considered extinct but which is currently the focus of a new investigation by Lars-Gunnar Larsson. Using material from the Atlas Linguarum Europae , Rydving brings lexical evidence to support Larsson's conclusion that the dialect of Southern Tärna is Ume Sámi, rather than South Sámi. The fourth paper, Riitta-Liisa Valijärvi's Ruotsinsuomalaisten opiskelijoiden kirjallisen tuotoksen morfosyntaksin ja sanaston virheanalyysia , analyzes written work produced by heritage speakers of Finnish in Sweden after a university course of Finnish. The paper presents valuable empirical material about a heterogenous and not overly researched variety of Finnish, which, as the author stresses, may have practical utility in education of Finnish as a second language. The research report, finally, is Lasse Vuorsola's analysis of the international as well as Finnish discourse on climate change. We hope that this second issue of the Nova Series of Fenno-Ugrica Suecana will herald the continuation of a long series, and we warmly welcome contributions to further issues (see the Instructions to Authors at the end of the journal). On behalf of the Editorial Committee, The volume editors, Merlijn de Smit and Peter S. Piispanen SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES • Peter Piispanen : Statistical Dating of Finno-Mordvinic Languages through Comparative Linguistics and Sound Laws, p. 1 – 58 • Ante Aikio & Jussi Ylikoski: The origin of the Finnic l-cases, p. 59 – 158 • Håkan Rydving: Sydsamisk eller umesamisk? ”Södra Tärna” i det samiska språklandskapet, p. 159 – 174 • Riitta-Liisa Valijärvi : Ruotsinsuomalaisten opiskelijoiden kirjallisen tuotoksen morfosyntaksin ja sanaston virheanalyysia, p. 175 – 200 Peter S. Piispanen Stockholm University Statistical Dating of Finno-Mordvinic Languages through Comparative Linguistics and Sound Laws Peter Sauli Piispanen ABSTRACT multi-language cognates actually being genetically affiliated cognates and not only Through comparison of Swadesh-200 word list separate inventions or borrowings. 1 cognates and the employment of Traditional lexical comparisons of this kind are lexicostatistics, accompanied by detailed done only through classification, i.e. cognate sound changes, the branching of multilateral lexical comparison. On a deeper some Uralic languages have been statistically second level, only some sound laws have been determined. Assuming linear branching from a proposed for some cognates. Clearly, the line originating in Proto-Uralic and leading to addition of sound laws to the studies would modern Finnish, Moksha (Mordvinic) deepen them and connect them to the originated from 3423 BP, Northern Saami linguistic mainstream. Thus, in this report (Finno-Saamic) from 3038 BP and Estonian great care has been taken to find acceptable (Balto-Finnic) from 1058 BP. The resulting sound laws for cognates. cognacy rates with Finnish (35.6 %, 40.0 % and 72.7 % respectively) and acquired dates are 1.2. No one has ever directly attempted the well in accordance with previous estimates as dating of the Uralic languages through acquired by other methods. lexicostatistics while also taking into account sound laws to the best of my knowledge. This Keywords: Dating, Estonian, Moksha, study therefore aims to fill in some dating Northern