Doc. SC.42.10.4 CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA ____________________ Forty-second meeting of the Standing Committee Lisbon (Portugal), 28 September-1 October 1999 Issues relating to species Tiger TECHNICAL MISSIONS 1. This document has been prepared by the CITES Tiger Missions Technical Team. It incorporates general observations noted by the Team during its missions to 14 range and consumer States. Separate sections address the situation in each State. Recommendations relating to international strategies have been made. 2. Each of the Parties visited by the Team was supplied with a draft copy of the respective section relating to that State. Any substantive responses to the draft have been included in Annex 1. 3. Due to the length of the document, a comprehensive table of contents has been provided. 1 . 2 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................................................7 Terms of Reference for Technical Missions............................................................................................................8 The launch of the Technical Tiger Missions ...........................................................................................................9 Trade in Tiger Specimens ...................................................................................................................................10 THE MARKETS FOR ILLEGALLY OBTAINED TIGERS AND TIGER PARTS ...............................................10 TRADE IN SPECIMENS OF TIBETAN ANTELOPE............................................................................................12 GENERAL OBSERVATIONS BY THE TECHNICAL TEAM ..............................................................................14 Determining Tiger Population Numbers ..............................................................................................................14 MANAGEMENT OF TIGER HABITAT IN BORDER AREAS...............................................................................................15 CONSERVATION INITIATIVES....................................................................................................................................15 The Global Tiger Forum.....................................................................................................................................15 Farming ............................................................................................................................................................16 Eco-Tourism ......................................................................................................................................................16 Rehabilitation and Captive-Breeding Releases.....................................................................................................17 NEGATIVE FACTORS................................................................................................................................................17 Management and Policy Considerations..............................................................................................................17 Corruption.........................................................................................................................................................18 Collusion ...........................................................................................................................................................18 Nepotism ...........................................................................................................................................................19 PARTNERSHIPS........................................................................................................................................................19 Enforcement and Non-Governmental Organizations ............................................................................................19 ENFORCEMENT ISSUES ............................................................................................................................................20 Forensic Science Support ...................................................................................................................................20 Tourist Souvenirs in Duty Free Shops..................................................................................................................21 EDUCATION AND AWARENESS .................................................................................................................................21 Education and Awareness Methodology ..............................................................................................................21 Conflict Cases....................................................................................................................................................22 THE STATUS OF OTHER APPENDIX I SPECIES.............................................................................................................22 RECOMMENDATIONS RELATING TO INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIES .....................................................23 CAMBODIA.............................................................................................................................................................24 TIGER CONSERVATION ISSUES ..................................................................................................................................24 LEGISLATION..........................................................................................................................................................25 PRACTICAL CONTROLS............................................................................................................................................25 CITES Administration ........................................................................................................................................25 Enforcement staff ...............................................................................................................................................26 Illicit trade.........................................................................................................................................................26 Traditional medicine ..........................................................................................................................................28 Special projects..................................................................................................................................................28 EDUCATION AND AWARENESS .................................................................................................................................28 Enforcement personnel.......................................................................................................................................28 The general public..............................................................................................................................................28 ASPECTS FOR IMPROVEMENT ...................................................................................................................................29 CANADA..................................................................................................................................................................30 TIGER CONSERVATION ISSUES ..................................................................................................................................30 LEGISLATION..........................................................................................................................................................30 PRACTICAL CONTROLS............................................................................................................................................31 CITES administration.........................................................................................................................................31 Enforcement staff ...............................................................................................................................................31 Illicit trade.........................................................................................................................................................31 Special projects..................................................................................................................................................32 EDUCATION AND AWARENESS .................................................................................................................................32 Enforcement authorities......................................................................................................................................32 Traditional medicine practitioners and consumers ...............................................................................................32 The general public..............................................................................................................................................33 ASPECTS FOR IMPROVEMENT ...................................................................................................................................33 3 CHINA .....................................................................................................................................................................33