MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA FACULTY OF SOCIAL STUDIES Issue of IDP Integration: Case of Nagorno Karabakh Bachelor thesis KAROLÍNA HANZELKOVÁ Thesis Supervisor: Mgr. Tomáš Šmíd, Ph.D. Department of Political Sciences Security and Strategy Studies Brno 2018/2019 FSS ISSUE OF IDP INTEGRATION: CASE OF NAGORNO KARABAKH Bibliografický záznam Autor: Karolína Hanzelková Fakulta sociálních studií, Masarykova univerzita Department of Political Sciences Název práce: Issue of IDP Integration: Case of Nagorno Kara­ bakh Studijní program: Bezpečnostní a strategická studia Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Tomáš Šmíd, Ph.D. Akademický rok: 2018/2019 Počet stran: 58 Klíčová slova: IDP, vnitřně vysídlené osoby, Azerbajdžan, Ná­ horní Karabach, integrace, zamrzlý konflikt 3 ISSUE OF IDP INTEGRATION: CASE OF NAGORNO KARABAKH Bibliografie record Author: Karolina Hanzelkova Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University Department of Political Sciences Title of Thesis: Issue of IDP Integration: Case of Nagorno Kara• bakh Degree Programme: Security and Strategy Studies Supervisor: Mgr. Tomáš Šmíd, Ph.D. Academic Year: 2018/2019 Number of Pages: 58 Keywords: IDP, Internally Displaced People, Azerbaijan, Nagorno Karabakh, Baku, Integration, Frozen Conflict 4 ISSUE OF IDP INTEGRATION: CASE OF NAGORNO KARABAKH Abstrakt Bakalářská práce se zabývá tématem integrace vnitřně vysídlených osob zv případě IDPs z oblastní Náhorního Karabachu a sedmi sousedních re­ gionů, které jsou v současnosti okupovány. Práce zkoumá životní pod­ mínky IDPs a jejich integraci do celkové ázerbájdžánské společnosti. Na základě osobních výpovědí vysídlených osob a jejich potomků práce představuje jednu z prvních studií, která se zabývá mimo jiné i pohledem mileniální druhé generace na integrační problematiku vnitřně vysídle­ ných osob vÁzerbájdžánu. 1 ISSUE OF IDP INTEGRATION: CASE OF NAGORNO KARABAKH Abstract This bachelor thesis deals with the topic of integration of internally dis• placed people from Nagorno Karabakh and the seven neighbouring oc• cupied regions. The research's significance is to provide an examination of their living conditions and integration into the mainstream Azerbai• jani society. Using the personal testimonies of displaced families and their children, the thesis is one of the first studies to investigate the view of the millennial second generation of IDP families in Azerbaijan. 2 ISSUE OF IDP INTEGRATION: CASE OF NAGORNO KARABAKH Declaration of authorship I declare that I have developed a bachelor thesis on the topic of Issue of IDP Integration: Case of Nagorno Karabakh independently. All the literature sources used for the purposes of creating this thesis I quo• ted and listed in the literature sources. Baku 14th May 2019 Karohna Hanzelkova 1 ISSUE OF IDP INTEGRATION: CASE OF NAGORNO KARABAKH Acknowledgement I would like to genuinely thank to my thesis supervisor Mgr. Tomáš Šmíd, Ph.D., for the great support he provided me despite the distan-ce. Furthermore, I would like to thank my lovely family which have always supported me in my studies in the Czech Republic and abroad. Šablona DP 3.0 (prosinec 2018) © 2014, 2016, 2018 Právnická fakulta Masarykovy univerzity TABLE OF CONTENTS 5 Table of Contents List of abbreviations 7 1 Introduction 9 2 Theoretical Part 10 2.1 Conflict 10 2.1.1 History of Nagorno Karabakh 11 2.1.2 Occupied Regions of Azerbaijan 13 2.2 IDPs 14 2.2.1 IDPs Worldwide 15 2.2.2 IDPs in Azerbaijan 16 2.3 Integration 17 3 Research Design 19 3.1 Ethnographic Research 20 3.2 Logic of Semi-Structured Interview 20 3.2.1 Sample Population 21 3.3 Ethics and Limitations 22 4 Scholarship of Living Conditions 24 4.1 Housing 25 4.2 Employment 27 4.3 Physical Security 28 4.4 Education 29 4.5 Healthcare 31 5 Interviews 33 5.1 First family 33 5.2 Second family 34 5.3 Third family 36 5.4 Fourh family 38 5 6 OBSAH 5.5 Fifth family 40 6 Conclusion 42 Literature Sources 45 Primary sources 45 Secondary sources 50 Online Articles 53 Appendix A Consent Form 55 Appendix B Interview Question Areas 57 6 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 7 List of abbreviations ANAMA - The Azerbaijan National Agency for Mine Action ICRC - International Committee of the Red Cross IDP - Internally Displaced People / Person IDMC - Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre N K - Nagorno Karabakh OHCHR - Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights SCARIDP - State Committee for Affairs of Refugees and Inter• nally Displaced Persons of the Republic of Azer• baijan UIS - The UNESCO Institute for Statistics UN - United Nations USSR - Union of Soviet Socialist Republics WB - World Bank 7 INTRODUCTION 1 Introduction "Agdam is and will always be my hometown even though I have never stepped my foot in the city. It has become a sacred place for us throu• ghout the years. I have difficulties to describe how valuable and fulfilling it would be for me to see that place and spend the rest of my life there," - child of a displaced family born outside the occupied territory in 1998 This mentality embodies the integration environment. It does not include only those who were actually displaced; it is about all aspects of their life, surroundings, society and also about being a citizen of Azerbai• jan. The issue of internally displaced people (IDPs) has experienced an intense onset on the international scene in the early 1990s and has been established as an important topic of both international and do-mestic security debates. The current number of 350,000 IDPs in Azerbaijan is a consequence of the country's frozen armed conflict with Armenia over the Nagorno Karabakh (NK) and seven neighbou-ring regions. It has been nearly 30 years since the first violent collisi-ons between te coun• tries and about 25 years since the ceasefire; yet there is no clear solution to the conflict and especially, no evidence of repatriation of displaced pe• ople. They were forcibly displaced with no vision of future life, job, dwelling and without any financial means. The aim of this work is to pro• vide an examination of the integration of ethnically Karabakh-Azerbai- jani IDPs into the mainstream Azerbaijani society. The significance of this thesis is to review the scholarship of their living conditions and compare it with the personal testimonies of displaced families. Moreover, the the• sis is one of the first studies to investigate the displacement impact on integration of the second gene-ration of IDPs due to the novelty nature of the phenomena. Although this work aims to map many of the themes within the IDP integration topic in Azerbaijan, there are time and place limitations to the re-search. 9 THEORETICAL PART 2 Theoretical Part 2.1 Conflict The NK conflict is divided into several time phases. The period of 1988- 1994 is possible to classify as war period. War can be defined as a violent mass conflict in which two or more armed parties are directly involved. At the same time, there are other criteria which must be fulfilled; at least one party is formed by governmental armed forces and centrally direc• ted management exists on both parties which lead and fight in a war (Ma• res 2004: 22). Taking a closer look, the NK conflict is a long-lasting ethnicity-based conflict involving two ethnic groups. In an ethnic war, one party fights with "other" groups which are different in terms of race, language, or re• ligion, resulting in large-scale, organised violence (Toft 2009: 232). There were several violations of the ceasefire agreement signed in 1994 coming from both sides; therefore the conflict negotiation process remains frozen. A frozen conflict is complicated to define as over time the definition has evolved in the scientific literature describing the theme and also, they tend to be ambiguous. The concept of a frozen conflict began to be used more widely in the 1990s while describing unresolved territorial conflict located within the former Soviet Union (USSR). Howe• ver, in the societal field of peace and conflict studies, this theme was in use for decades even before collapse of USSR. One of the first authors to deal with the theoretical grasp of the fro• zen or protracted social conflicts, Edward Azar (1978), described pro• tracted conflicts as "hostile interactions which extend over long periods of time with sporadic outbreaks of open warfare fluctuating in frequency and intensity" (Azar and Jureidini and McLaurin 1978: 50). Abouttwo decades later, King's (2001: 525-526) definition of a fro• zen conflict included three areas defining long term characteristics after the violent phase, namely territorial, institutional, and economic factors. These three characteristics can be found in the following example. The local separatists gradually transform their territories into de facto states. Then they begin to govern their own territories, create their own armed forces, educate their children. They also develop capabilities to grow 10 THEORETICAL PART their economy while at the same time the economic capabilities are cre• ated by the state of which they are still de iure a part. Most recently from Czech academia, Smetana and Ludvik (2018: 4) characterized the frozen conflict as a combination of: [1] an absence of stable peace between the opposing sides; [2] remainig unresolved core issues; [3] the dispute is in the forefront of mutual relations; [4] a loo• ming threat of the renewal of violence. Therefore, not all conflicts labelled as frozen are the same. There are several analogies of the conflict over NK with those in the other territo• ries of the former USSR. As the violence was present in NK during the Fourth Day War, i.e., within the frozen period, there is a similarity with War in Donbass, Ukraine. Nonetheless, a question to what extent can be these two examples called frozen rises, because they lack one of the basic characteristics - long-term nature.