G 1 NER Y SE E CU O R T I A T Y N C E E C N T N R E E LL OF EXCE Energy Security: Operational Highlights No 11 2017 ENERGY SECURITY: OPERATIONAL HIGHLIGHTS No 11 2 3 Contents 4 Editorial ARTURAS PETKUS 5 Energy Security: Eight Relevant Lessons MICHAEL RÜHLE Relevant political and technological upheavals have brought about signif cant changes in the global energy landscape. Eight lessons can be learnt from them. Critical Energy infrastructure Protection 8 through Comprehensive Security ANTI-PEKKA MANNINEN AND HEIKI JAKSON The Finnish security policy is an example of a good approach to protect the critical energy infrastructure of a state. Regional standardization efforts and the analysis of the issues related to critical energy infrastructure from which best practices can be drawn are the focus of this article. The Role, Risks and the Strategic Importance 16 of Energy in Conflicts. The case of Ukraine EMANUELE NICOLA CECCHETTI AND HEIKI JAKSON A short historical overview from the ancient times to the Ukrainian crisis in 2014 shows that the role of energy in conflicts has evolved throughout time. The energy dimension of war. An overview 25 of the Ukrainian events in 2014-2016 OLEKSANDR SUKHODOLIA Russia targeted critical energy infrastructure in its conflict with Ukraine. The analysis of the events that characterized the conflict between them shows that the ‘energy dimension’ has been incorporated into hybrid warfare. 35 Critical Energy Infrastructure: Identification and protection MONIEK DE JONG AND LARRY HUGHES Several types of threats can affect critical energy infrastructure. Therefore, counter- measures are essential in order to increase the energy security of the energy system. No 11 ENERGY SECURITY: OPERATIONAL HIGHLIGHTS ENERGY SECURITY: OPERATIONAL HIGHLIGHTS No 11 4 5 icant changes in the global energy landscape. In doing so, he illustrates eight main lessons Editorial that can be deduced from those changes and Energy Security: that must be taken into consideration when Dr Arturas Petkus evaluating the current geopolitical situation Head of Strategic Analysis Division with a focus on the energy sector. NATO Energy Security Centre of Excellence Eight Relevant Lessons Mr Antti-Pekka Manninen and Mr Heiki Jakson he protection of discuss the protection of CEI in the case of Fin- critical energy infra- land, arguing that its security policy can serve structure (CEI) and as an example for the protection of CEI in other Michael Rühle, NATO Headquarters, Belgium T its role in ensur- states at least in some respects. They link the ing the energy security of a Finnish case to the broader international con- he global energy landscape is trans- right lessons from the political and techno- state are the core topics of text with an emphasis on the approaches of forming. New energy suppliers are logical upheavals of recent years. this issue of ‘Energy Securi- NATO and the European Union (EU) to CEI. entering the market, new pipelines ty: Operational Highlights’. are connecting producers and con- Eight concrete lessons stand out: These topics are of utmost Mr Emanuele Nicola Cecchetti and Mr Heiki T sumers. Renewables, such as wind and solar importance in the NATO context because a dis- Jakson discuss the importance of energy in con- energy, are becoming economically viable. First, the Russia-Ukraine crisis has demon- ruption of energy supplies can negatively affect flicts by focusing on the destruction of CEI in the Deep offshore drilling, the “fracking” of gas strated that energy can be an element of “hy- both the well-functioning of its members’ socie- Ukrainian crisis of 2014. After providing a short from rock formations, and the liquefaction of brid warfare”. By annexing Crimea, Russia ties and its military operations. Therefore, pro- historical overview of the evolving role of en- natural gas are changing the global market. did not only illegally acquire Ukrainian terri- tecting CEI from all possible threats and increas- ergy in conflict throughout history, the authors LNG (Liquefed Natural Gas) tankers enable tory, but also seized Ukrainian energy infra- ing its resilience is crucial in order to achieve the analyse the main events of the Ukrainian crisis the transport of gas by ship, just like oil, thus structure on the peninsula as well as offshore goals of energy sustainability, economic and so- of 2014 showing that CEI was a major military becoming more independent from pipelines. installations in the Black Sea. The annexation cial development. At the same time, it is neces- target for Russia. Also, they briefly discuss the New interconnectors and the “reverse flow” of Crimea also allowed Moscow to renege on sary to ensure that NATO implements its military measures that NATO adopted in order to protect of pipelines provide more flexibility for trans- previous agreements with Kiev on renting strategies and achieves its political objectives. its member states and the essential role played by its Centres of Excellence to support its work. porting energy across Europe way beyond its the Sevastopol naval base, such as granting Furthermore, the recent Russia-Ukraine crisis entry point, and encourage energy trade via Ukraine a lower gas price. Although Ukraine of 2014 has clearly demonstrated the impor- Prof Dr Oleksandr Sukhodolia analyses the con- dynamic “spot markets”. is not a NATO member, Russia’s skilful appli- tance of CEI for states. It has shown that CEI has flict between Russia and Ukraine in 2014 with a cation of military and non-military means to become a military target in conflicts and that focus on the Russian attacks on CEI in Ukraine. For European consumers, this could be good destabilise its neighbour has sparked a lively energy can be an element of “hybrid warfare”. The analysis shows that the Ukrainian crisis has news. A flexible energy market means lower debate in the West about how best to meet contributed to incorporate energy in hybrid war- prices and greater security of supply. How- the challenge of “hybrid warfare”. As the Consequently, the implementation of a risk man- fare and that threats to CEI are an essential part ever, turning such an optimistic scenario into Russia-Ukraine crisis shows, an effective an- agement programme, incorporating analysis of of it. Additionally, the author suggests that the reality requires considerable effort. Achiev- swer can only be found if the energy dimen- the vulnerabilities, risk assessment and imple- protection of CEI should be included into the na- ing true energy security requires drawing the sion is included in the analysis. mentation of hazard mitigation procedures is es- tional defence policy of states. At the same time, sential in order to protect CEI. In this context, the he stresses that the establishment of Public- establishment of a Public-Private Partnership Private Partnerships (PPPs) and civil-military (PPP) is important because coordinating the ef- cooperation are essential in order to ensure an Michael Rühle, NATO Headquarters, Brussels forts of stakeholders, bodies and institutions is effcient protection of CEI. necessary to ensure an effective protection of CEI. Michael Rühle is currently Head of the Energy Security Section, in the Emerging Security Finally, Ms Moniek de Jong and Prof Larry Challenges Division of NATO’s International Staff. Previously he was Head, Speechwrit- ing, and a Senior Political Advisor in the NATO Secretary General’s Policy Planning Unit. These factors are discussed in the four articles Hughes discuss the identifcation and the protec- Before joining NATO’s International Staff in 1991, Mr. Rühle was a Volkswagen-Fellow included in the current issue of this journal. tion of CEI. After defning CEI, the authors ana- at the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung think-tank in Sankt Augustin, Germany, and a Visiting lyse the types of threats that can affect its func- Fellow at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), Washington, D.C. Mr Michael Rühle provides an overview of the tioning and the necessary countermeasures that He holds an M.A. degree in Political Science from the University of Bonn, Germany. Mr. major changes occurred in the international can help protect CEI. Additionally, they outline the Rühle has published widely on international security issues in American Foreign Policy arena during the last years with a focus on various levels of CEI protection at which private Interests, Asia Times, Comparative Strategy, International Affairs (Chatham House), NATO Review, Parameters, Politico, and The World Today, as well as other titles. energy and geopolitics. More specifcally, he companies are willing and capable of protecting it focuses his analysis on the main political and by showing that states also contribute to provide technological upheavals that have led to signif- security in the form of police or military presence. No 11 ENERGY SECURITY: OPERATIONAL HIGHLIGHTS ENERGY SECURITY: OPERATIONAL HIGHLIGHTS No 11 6 7 Second, Europe’s energy dependence on to this percentage. Since these ships have to East China Sea clearly have an energy and Europe (and eliminate Ukraine as a transit Russia remains a strategic liability. For the pass important straits like Hormuz or Ma- resource dimension. Other examples where country), while at the same time seeking to foreseeable future, Russia will remain a ma- lacca, they are vulnerable to piracy and mili- energy issues could lead to conflict might compensate for its declining European mar- jor gas supplier to Europe, since Moscow can, tary blockades. In the Gulf of Aden NATO and include an oil discovery in a region claimed ket by exporting to Asia. However, the fact in principle, outbid almost any contender. But EU are already engaged in a counter piracy by two states, or a dam project in an arid that Russia failed to charge China European- the ritually invoked “mutual interdepend- mission that has resulted in a considerable region, which compromises the water sup- level prices indicates who will be the winner ence” of producer and consumer has not drop in the number of attacks on naval ves- ply of a neighbouring country.