Name Class Date CHAPTER Section Summary 12 THE COLD WAR BEGINS SECTION 1 When Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill met at Yalta in February 1945, READING CHECK it was clear that the Allies would defeat Germany. The United States and Great Britain wanted a united Germany and independent nations President Truman asked in Eastern Europe after the war. Soviet dictator Stalin wanted a Congress for aid for which two countries? weak, divided Germany and an Eastern Europe under communist control. Despite Stalin’s promises, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria became satellite states of the Soviet Union, along with the eastern part of Germany. After another meeting that summer at Potsdam, Harry S. Truman, who was now President, became convinced that the Soviet Union had aspirations toward world domination. Thus began the 46-year-long Cold War. Churchill agreed with President Truman and said an iron curtain had descended upon Europe. East of the curtain, Stalin was tightening his grip and trying to spread communism to other coun- tries. Truman asked Congress for money to help Turkey and Greece VOCABULARY STRATEGY fight communism. His promise of aid became known as the Truman What does the word aspirations Doctrine. It set a new course for American foreign policy. mean in the underlined sen- The goal of another American policy, called containment, was to tence? Circle the words in the use American power to help nations resist communism. Contain- underlined sentence that could ment’s first success was based on Secretary of State George C. help you learn what aspirations Marshall’s economic recovery plan for Europe. Under the Marshall means. Plan, the United States gave about $13 billion in grants and loans to Western European nations, starting in 1948. In June 1948, Stalin decided to block all shipping from western Germany into West Berlin—deep inside communist East Germany— hoping that would make the city fall to the communists. The United States and Britain stopped his plan by airlifting supplies, including food, fuel, and clothing, into West Berlin. The Berlin airlift showed that communism could be contained. To continue to block Soviet expansion, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO, formed in 1949. Twelve Western European READING SKILL and North American nations agreed to act together to defend Contrast After World War II, Western Europe. In 1955, West Germany joined NATO. In response, what were the differences in the Soviet Union and its satellite states formed the Warsaw Pact. All goals between Stalin and the communist states of Eastern Europe except Yugoslavia promised to Soviets and Truman and the defend one another if attacked. United States? Review Questions 1. What was Truman’s promise of aid to countries fighting commu- nism called? 2. Which event proved that the policy of containment worked? Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 101 HSUS_ANC_SURVEY_C25_Primary.fm Page 20 Thursday, December 18, 2008 4:46 PM Name Class Date THE COLD WAR Primary Source President Truman spelled out his thoughts on opposing communist expansion in a speech to a joint session of Congress. These ideas became known as the “Truman Doctrine.” The President asked Congress to help Greece, a country that was struggling against communist rebels. Truman warned that failure to help Greece would have serious consequences. ◆ Answer the questions on a separate sheet of paper. The Truman Doctrine It is necessary only to [look] at a Questions to Think About map to realize that the survival and [completeness] of the Greek nation are 1. What does Truman say that you can of [great] importance in a much wider tell from looking at a map? situation. If Greece should fall under the control of an armed minority [of communist rebels], the effect upon its neighbor, Turkey, would be imme- diate and serious. Confusion and disorder might well spread through- 2. What is Truman talking about when out the entire Middle East. he speaks of “the disappearance of Greece as an independent state”? Moreover, the disappearance of Greece as an independent state would have a [strong] effect upon those countries in Europe whose peoples are struggling against great difficulties to maintain their freedoms and their 3. To what “victory” is Truman referring? independence while they repair the damages of war. It would be [a] . tragedy if these countries [in Europe], which have struggled so long against over- 4. Draw Conclusions Truman says that it whelming odds, should lose that would be a great tragedy if Greece and victory for which they sacrificed so other countries were to lose their much. Collapse of free institutions independence. What conclusions can and loss of independence would be you draw about Truman’s opinion of disastrous not only for them but for the difference between life in a Soviet the world. satellite state and life in a country —President Truman, 1947 outside the Iron Curtain? Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 20 HSUS_ANC_SURVEY_C25_Re#4526D.fm Page 19 Thursday, December 18, 2008 4:46 PM Name Class Date THE COLD WAR Reading a Chart This chart shows some of the major causes and effects of the Cold War. ◆ Study the chart, and answer the questions on a separate sheet of paper. Causes and Effects of the Cold War Questions to Think About 1. Why did President Truman believe the 3. Analyze Cause and Effect What were Soviet Union wanted world conquest? some of the effects of the Western powers’ fear of communist expansion? 2. How did Western allies combat Soviet aggression in Berlin? Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 19 HSUS_ANC_SURVEY_C25_Re#4526E.fm Page 12 Thursday, December 18, 2008 4:36 PM Name Class Date THE COLD WAR Reading Strategy Contrast To contrast means to show the differences between things. Sometimes people, places, ideas, objects, or events can seem similar at first, but when you look more closely, you notice that they are actually quite different. Noting the differences between things as you read can help you understand the material more readily. Read the example below and note the differences between the presidents. Both Truman and Eisenhower were in the army before becoming President. Truman, who never went to college, served in France in World War I as a captain. Although he remained in the army reserves, Truman did not see active duty in World War II. Eisenhower, who graduated from West Point Military Academy, rose to become Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces during World War II. In contrasting Truman and Eisenhower, note that Truman fought in World War I and that Eisenhower served in World War II. Also, note that Truman never went to col- lege, but that Eisenhower was a graduate of West Point. Directions: Read the following paragraph. Then answer the questions below. Joseph Stalin and Nikita Khrushchev were communist leaders of the Soviet Union, Stalin from 1929 to 1953 and Khrushchev from 1953 to 1964. Although both men were strong opponents of the United States, Khrushchev eventually embraced the idea of peaceful co-existence. Khrushchev may have used some of Stalin’s methods to isolate and overcome his political rivals, but he did so without as much bloodshed. Khrushchev was not as cruel as Stalin, and he tolerated more dissent. Hint: Look for details given about only one of the people or things under discus- sion. This will tell you how the contrasting items are different. 1. Was Stalin or Khrushchev less tolerant of political dissent? 2. Who adopted the idea of peaceful co-existence with the West? 3. Which man was more ruthless and cruel in his political methods? Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 12 HSUS_ANC_SURVEY_C24_Bio2.fm Page 20 Thursday, December 18, 2008 3:46 PM Name Class Date WORLD WAR II Biography As their strategy of island hopping brought Allied troops closer to the Japanese mainland, the small island of Iwo Jima was to become a valuable stronghold from which aircraft could take off and make emergency landings. Winning the island was a bitter struggle. ◆ As you read, think about the sacrifices made by the marines who fought at Iwo Jima. Then, on a separate sheet of paper, answer the questions that follow. The Marines at Iwo Jima As approximately 70,000 United States The victory came at a significant cost. troops prepared for an invasion of the Approximately 6,000 were killed in the Japanese-controlled island of Iwo Jima, a battle, while more than 20,000 were force of more than 20,000 Japanese soldiers injured. The battle for Iwo Jima became had entrenched themselves in the island’s one of the most costly battles of the war for mountains and built tunnels the United States. About one- throughout the island. As a third of all marines that lost result, when the first U.S. their lives during World War II troops began to land on Iwo did so at Iwo Jima. Such signif- Jima on February 19, 1945, they icant loss of American lives at encountered strong resistance Iwo Jima and in other similar from the Japanese. Defending battles in the Pacific contrib- themselves against enemy fire uted to the later decision to proved difficult as they stormed use the atomic bomb rather the island from the sea. than launch an invasion of However, in the coming Iwo Jima flag raising, © CORBIS mainland Japan. days marines began to make Despite the costliness of progress in their efforts to win the island. the fighting at Iwo Jima, the victory did By February 23, they had captured Mount prove to be a significant one for American Suribachi, a tall volcanic mountain that forces.