Table of Contents Introduction ··································································································································· 6 Chapter 1 How Does ESL Diff er from EFL? ······································································ 7 - What Are the Important Features of ESL? ············································································· 8 Chapter 2 Needs Analysis and Environment Analysis and One-to-One Tutoring with Adult ESL Learners ································································· 12 - Needs Analysis ······························································································································· 13 - Environment Analysis ·················································································································· 13 - Needs and Environment Analysis in One-to-One Tutoring ············································ 15 - What Should You Learn from This Chapter? ········································································· 21 Chapter 3 Needs and Environment Analysis When Teaching Small Classes for Adults ···················································································································· 23 - Needs Analysis for Small Classes ····························································································· 23 - Environment Analysis for Small Classes ················································································ 29 - What Should You Learn from This Chapter? ········································································· 29 Chapter 4 Needs and Environment Analysis for Learners Going to School 31 - Opportunities for Learning for Young ESL Learners ·························································· 31 - The Vocabulary Knowledge of Young Native Speakers ··················································· 34 - What Kind of Vocabulary Do Learners Need to Cope with in Their Secondary School Texts? ····························································································································· 35 - Testing Vocabulary Size ·············································································································· 37 - The Language Needs of L2 Learners at School ··································································· 38 - Environment Analysis ·················································································································· 41 - What Should You Learn from This Chapter? ········································································· 42 Chapter 5 Needs and Environment Analysis for Job Seekers in an ESL Setting ························································································································· 44 - Job Seeking Needs Analysis ······································································································ 44 - Communication Skills Needs Analysis ··················································································· 45 - Language Profi ciency Related Needs Analysis ···································································· 46 - Environment Analysis for a Course for Job Seekers ··························································· 47 - What Should You Learn from This Chapter? ········································································· 48 Chapter 6 Needs and Environment Analysis for ESL Learners in Pre-University Courses ······················································································· 49 - Academic and Technical Vocabulary ······················································································ 50 - Needs Analysis and Study Skills ······························································································· 55 - Needs Analysis and Language Profi ciency ··········································································· 58 - Language Wants in an English for Academic Purposes Program ·································· 59 - Profi ciency Test Preparation ······································································································ 60 - What Should You Learn from This Chapter? ········································································· 61 Chapter 7 Beginning to Read in a First and Second Language ··························· 63 - Phonemic Awareness ·················································································································· 64 - The Alphabetic Principle ············································································································ 65 - Learning Letter Shapes ··············································································································· 65 - Learning about Books and Print ······························································································ 65 - An Experience Approach to Reading ····················································································· 66 - Learning to Read though Phonics ··························································································· 67 - A Whole-Language Approach to Reading ············································································ 68 - How Diffi cult is it to Learn to Read English as a Second Language? ···························· 68 - What Should You Learn from This Chapter? ········································································· 69 Chapter 8 One-to-One Tutoring with Adult ESL Learners ······································ 70 - Planning a Well-Balanced Course ···························································································· 70 - Listening and Speaking Activities ··························································································· 72 - Reading Activities ························································································································· 74 - Writing Activities ··························································································································· 77 - A One-to-One Tutoring Session ······························································································· 78 - What Should You Learn from This Chapter? ········································································· 80 Chapter 9 Teaching Small Classes of Adult ESL Learners ······································· 81 - Activities for Small ESL Classes for Adults ············································································· 82 - Listening Activities for Small Classes ······················································································ 83 - Speaking Activities for Small Classes ····················································································· 83 - Reading Activities for Small Classes ······················································································· 86 - Writing Activities for Small Classes ························································································· 88 - Planning a Course for a Small ESL Class ················································································ 90 - What Should You Learn from This Chapter? ········································································· 91 Chapter 10 English as a Second Language at School ·············································· 92 - Content-Based Learning in Secondary Schools ·································································· 93 - Listening Activities for ESL School Students ········································································ 95 - Speaking Activities for ESL School Students ······································································· 96 - Reading Activities for ESL School Students ········································································· 98 - Writing Activities for ESL School Students ··········································································· 103 - How Do You Teach Subject-Related Vocabulary? ······························································ 104 - What Should You Learn from This Chapter? ········································································ 107 Chapter 11 Helping ESL Learners Develop Communication Skills ··················· 108 - What Kinds of Learning Need to Be Included in a Communication Skills Course? 109 - Observation and Analysis of Interaction ··············································································· 110 - Understanding the Factors that Aff ect the Nature of Interaction ································· 111 - Learning Useful Phrases and Sentences ················································································ 112 - Training and Practice in Communication Skills ··································································· 114 - Observing, Refl ecting, and Comparing ················································································· 117 - A Communication Skills Lesson ······························································································· 118 - What Should You Learn from This Chapter? ········································································· 120 Chapter 12 English for Academic Purposes Courses in an ESL Situation ······ 121 - An Overview