COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES Brussels, 12.9.2001 COM(2001) 370 final WHITE PAPER European transport policy for 2010: time to decide WHITE PAPER European transport policy for 2010: time to decide TABLE OF CONTENTS POLICY GUIDELINES OF THE WHITE PAPER................................................................ 6 PART ONE: SHIFTING THE BALANCE BETWEEN MODES OF TRANSPORT............ 20 I. REGULATED COMPETITION............................................................................. 21 A. Improving quality in the road sector ....................................................................... 22 1. A restructuring to be organised......................................................................................... 22 2. Regulations to be introduced ............................................................................................ 24 3. Tightening up controls and penalties ................................................................................ 24 B. Revitalising the railways......................................................................................... 25 1. Integrating rail transport into the internal market .............................................................. 26 2. Making optimum use of the infrastructure........................................................................ 31 3. Modernisation of services................................................................................................. 33 C. Controlling the growth in air transport.................................................................... 34 1. Tackling saturation of the skies ........................................................................................ 35 2. Rethinking airport capacity and use.................................................................................. 37 3. Striking a balance between growth in air transport and the environment ........................... 39 4. Maintaining safety standards ............................................................................................ 40 II. LINKING UP THE MODES OF TRANSPORT..................................................... 40 A. Linking up sea, inland waterways and rail............................................................... 41 1. Developing “motorways of the sea”.................................................................................. 42 2. Offering innovative services............................................................................................. 44 B. Helping to start up intermodal services: the new Marco Polo programme ............... 46 C. Creating favourable technical conditions ................................................................ 47 1. Encouraging the emergence of freight integrators............................................................. 47 2. Standardising containers and swap bodies ........................................................................ 48 PART TWO: ELIMINATING BOTTLENECKS ................................................................. 49 I. UNBLOCKING THE MAJOR ROUTES............................................................... 51 A. Towards multimodal corridors giving priority to freight ......................................... 51 2 B. A high-speed passenger network ............................................................................ 52 C. Improving traffic conditions ................................................................................... 54 D. Major infrastructure projects................................................................................... 54 1. Completing the Alpine routes........................................................................................... 54 2. Easier passage through the Pyrenees................................................................................. 55 3. Launching new priority projects ....................................................................................... 56 4. Improving safety in tunnels .............................................................................................. 57 II. THE HEADACHE OF FUNDING ......................................................................... 58 A. Limited public budgets ........................................................................................... 58 B. Reassuring private investors ................................................................................... 59 C. An innovative approach: pooling of funds .............................................................. 60 PART THREE: PLACING USERS AT THE HEART OF TRANSPORT POLICY ............. 64 I. UNSAFE ROADS.................................................................................................. 64 A. Death on a daily basis: 40 000 fatalities a year........................................................ 65 B. Halving the number of deaths ................................................................................. 66 1. Harmonisation of penalties............................................................................................... 66 2. New technologies for improved road safety...................................................................... 69 II. THE FACTS BEHIND THE COSTS TO THE USER ............................................ 71 A. Towards gradual charging for the use of infrastructure ........................................... 72 1. A price structure that reflects the costs to the community ................................................. 73 2. A profusion of regulations................................................................................................ 75 3. Need for a Community framework ................................................................................... 76 B. The need to harmonise fuel taxes............................................................................ 78 III. TRANSPORT WITH A HUMAN FACE ............................................................... 80 A. Intermodality for people ......................................................................................... 80 1. Integrated ticketing...........................................................................................................80 2. Baggage handling............................................................................................................. 80 3. Continuity of journeys...................................................................................................... 81 B. Rights and obligations of users ............................................................................... 82 1. User rights........................................................................................................................ 82 2. User obligations ...............................................................................................................83 3 3. A high-quality public service............................................................................................ 83 IV. RATIONALISING URBAN TRANSPORT ........................................................... 85 A. Diversified energy for transport.............................................................................. 86 1. Establishing a new regulatory framework for substitute fuels ........................................... 86 2. Stimulating demand by experimentation........................................................................... 87 B. Promoting good practice......................................................................................... 88 PART FOUR: MANAGING THE GLOBALISATION OF TRANSPORT .......................... 90 I. ENLARGEMENT CHANGES THE NAME OF THE GAME................................ 90 A. The infrastructure challenge ................................................................................... 91 B. The opportunity offered by a well developed rail network ...................................... 92 C. A new dimension for shipping safety...................................................................... 93 II. THE ENLARGED EUROPE MUST BE MORE ASSERTIVE ON THE WORLD STAGE .................................................................................................................. 96 A. A single voice for the European Union in international bodies................................ 96 B. The urgent need for an external dimension to air transport...................................... 98 C. Galileo: the key need for a global programme......................................................... 99 CONCLUSIONS: TIME TO DECIDE............................................................................... 101 ANNEXES ........................................................................................................................ 103 I. ANNEX I: ACTION PROGRAMME................................................................... 104 II. ANNEX II: INDICATORS AND QUANTITATIVE ILLUSTRATIONS............. 110 III. ANNEX III: PROJECTS SUBMITTED BY THE MEMBER STATES AND THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND BEING EXAMINED BY THE COMMISSION FOR INCLUSION IN THE LIST OF “SPECIFIC” PROJECTS (“ESSEN” LIST)116 IV. ANNEX IV: TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS AND INTELLIGENT TRANSPORT SYSTEMS.................................................................................... 118 4 Table 1 Permitted speed limits and blood alcohol levels in EU countries 68 Table 2 External and infrastructure costs (euros) of a heavy goods vehicle 73 travelling 100 km on a motorway with little traffic