A Historic Architectural Resources Survey of the Upper Peninsula Charleston, South Carolina Final Report Prepared for City of Charleston Design, Development and Preservation Department Charleston, South Carolina Prepared by John Beaty Architectural Historian and Ralph Bailey Principal Investigator Brockington and Associates, Inc. Atlanta Charleston Raleigh January 2004 Acknowledgments In completing this survey of the Upper Peninsula, we were fortunate to have the help of many people. Lissa Felzer with the City of Charleston Design, Development, and Preservation Department provided a great deal of logistical support and a constant supply of useful questions and encouragement. Eddie Bello and Yvonne Fortenberry, also with the Design, Development, and Preservation Department, provided insight, information, and public meeting support. Greg Felzer provided the boat and piloting skills. Finally, the staff at the South Carolina Department of Archives and History, including Brad Sauls, was very helpful and accommodating. The activity that is the subject of this report has been financed in part with Federal funds from the National Park Service, US Department of the Interior. However, the contents and opinions do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Department of the Interior. This program receives Federal financial assistance for identification and protection of historic properties. Under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, and the Age Discrimination Act of 1975, as amended, the US Department of the Interior prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, disability or age in its federally assisted programs. If you believe you have been discriminated against in any program, activity, or facility as described above, or if you desire further information, please write to: Office of Equal Opportunity, National Park Service, 1849 C Street, NW, Washington, DC, 20240. ii Table of Contents Page Section I. Introduction ......................................................1 Name of Project .............................................1 Boundaries of Project .........................................1 Number of Properties .........................................1 Geographical Area ...........................................1 Survey Staff ................................................3 Beginning and End Dates of the Survey ..........................3 Objective of Survey ..........................................3 Method of Survey ...........................................4 Historic Architectural Resources Survey ....................4 NRHP Assessment of Cultural Resources ...................6 Charleston Architectural Ranking .........................9 Section II. Overview of the Historic Settlement of the Upper Peninsula ...............11 A Brief Overview of European Settlement in and around Charleston ...11 The Protohistoric Period ...............................11 Early European Explorations ............................12 English Colonial Occupation ............................13 The Revolutionary War ................................17 Antebellum Period ....................................19 Postbellum Period ....................................22 Overview of the Upper Peninsula ..............................24 Early Settlement ......................................24 Antebellum Development ..............................28 Post-War Development ................................38 Twentieth Century Development .........................46 Summary of the Upper Peninsula Settlement History .........69 Section III. Previously Identified Historic Architectural Resources ....................70 Properties Listed on the NRHP ................................70 Properties that are Eligible/Potentially Eligible for the NRHP ........70 Previous Architecture Surveys within the Survey Universe ..........71 An Architectural, Archaeological, and Historical Survey of Selected Portions of Charleston and Mt. Pleasant: Grace Memorial Bridge Replacement, Charleston, South Carolina .................................71 Phase II Archaeological, Historical, and Architectural Investigations in the Grace and New Market Alignments: Grace Memorial Bridge Replacement, Charleston, South Carolina .......................71 iii Page Additional Archaeological and Architectural Investigations for the Grace Memorial Bridge Replacement, Charleston, South Carolina .......................73 Cultural Resource Assessment and Assessment of Effects Pursuant to 36 CFR 800 for the Replacement of the Bridges on US 17 over the Cooper River and Town Creek, Charleston County, South Carolina ......73 Intensive Cultural Resources Survey and Documentation of the Proposed Cooper River Bridge Approaches Charleston County, South Carolina .................73 Section IV. Survey Results ...................................................75 Residential Resources .......................................76 National Styles .......................................76 Folk House Types ....................................89 Commercial Resources ......................................91 Institutional Resources .......................................92 Transportation Resources .....................................97 Manufacturing Resources ....................................98 Data Gaps .................................................98 Section V. Recommendations ................................................99 National Register Listed Properties .............................99 The Hampton Park Terrace Historic District ................99 Lowndes Grove (Resource 0073.00) ......................99 The Enston Home (Resource 0075) .......................99 Magnolia Cemetery (Resource 0077.00) ...................99 The Florence Crittenton Home (Resource 0104) ............100 National Register Eligible Properties ...........................100 The North of 17 Historic District ........................100 The Carondolet Street Historic District ...................100 The Dingle Street Historic District ......................101 The North Tracy Street Historic District ..................101 74 Fishburne Street (Resource 2065) .....................101 The Colin McKissick Grant Home (Resource 2810) .........101 The Immigration Center (Resource 2809) .................102 The Charleston Railway Bus Barn (Resource 2830) .........102 The Charleston Fire Department Engine Number Eight Building (Resource 2888) ...........102 Districts Recommended Eligible ..............................102 The Citadel Parade Ground Historic District ...............104 The Citadel Officers’ Quarters Historic District ............105 The Magnolia Umbra Cemetery District ..................105 The Rutledge Avenue Improvement Historic District ........107 iv Page The East Riverside Park Historic District .................108 The West Grove Street Historic District ..................109 Individual Resources Recommended Eligible ....................110 541 Rutledge Avenue (Resource 2249) ...................110 167 Congress Street (Resource 2309) ....................111 10 Parkwood Avenue (Resource 2328) ...................112 573 Huger Street (Resource 2336) .......................112 555 Huger Street (Resource 2352) .......................113 39 Parkwood Avenue (Resource 2403) ...................114 491 Huger Street (Resource 2450) .......................115 117 Moultrie Street (Resource 2494) .....................116 463 Huger Street (Resource 2497) .......................117 Hampton Park (Resource 2562) .........................118 540 Rutledge Avenue (Resource 2568) ...................118 90 Fishburne Street (Resource 2624) .....................119 298 Sumter Street (Resource 2678) ......................120 The Greek Orthodox Church (Resource 2715) .............120 Bethany Cemetery (Resource 2866.00) ...................122 Saint Lawrence Cemetery (Resource 2867) ................122 Saint Barnabas Evangelical Lutheran Church (Resource 2904) ...............................123 County Hall (Resource 2964) ..........................124 981 King Street (Resource 2967) ........................125 807 Rutledge Avenue (Resource 3061) ...................125 809 Rutledge Avenue (Resource 3062) ...................126 1126 King Street (Resource 3125) .......................127 28 Maple Street (Resource 3136) ........................129 60 Poplar Street (Resource 3154) .......................129 842 Rutledge Avenue (Resource 3160) ...................130 31 Cypress Street (Resource 3212) ......................131 887 Rutledge Avenue (Resource 3297) ...................131 66 Sans Souci Street (Resource 3340) ....................132 164 Maple Street (Resource 3632) .......................133 165 Maple Street (Resource 3641) .......................133 187 Grove Street (Resource 3932) .......................134 308 Grove Street (Resource 4091) .......................135 Recommendations for Future Consideration .....................136 Endangered Areas ...................................136 Areas that may be Eligible in the Future ..................137 Areas that may Warrant Protection of Special Attention ......138 Survey Summary ..........................................138 v Page References Cited ............................................................140 Appendix A. Inventory of Surveyed Resources .................................. A-1 Appendix B. Location of Surveyed Resources, County Tax Maps .....................B-1 Appendix C. SHPO Determination of NRHP Eligibility