31/3 revista do centro de estudos humanísticos 2017 diacrítica imigração, refugiados e as humanidades: abordagens críticas para novos desafios Título: DIACRÍTICA (Nº 31/3 – 2017) Imigração, Refugiados e as Humanidades: Abordagens críticas para novos desafios Editora: Marie-Manuelle Silva Editores Adjuntos: Fadi Skeiker, Orlando Grossegesse Revisão: Orlando Grossegesse Comissão Redatorial: Assel Swalha (Fordham University); Augustin Berti (Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina); Camila de Lira Santos (Europa-Universität Viadrina Frankfurt/Oder); Carlos Pazos (Universidade do Minho); Fátima Silva (Universidade do Porto); Isabel Ermida (Universidade do Minho); Joanne Paisana (Universidade do Minho); Júlia Garraio (Universidade de Coimbra); Luís Mourão (Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo); Manuel Conceição (Universidade do Algarve); Márcia Oliveira (Universidade do Minho); Margarida Marques (Universidade Nova de Lisboa); Maria Clara Oliveira (Universidade do Minho); Maria da Conceição Carapinha Rodrigues (Universidade de Coimbra); Maria do Rosário Ribeiro dos Santos (Universidade do Minho); Maria Helena Santana (Universidade de Coimbra); Maria Luísa Coelho (Universidade do Minho); Mário Matos (Universidade do Minho); Micaela Ramon (Universidade do Minho); Patrícia Jerónimo (Universidade do Minho); Pedro Eiras (Universidade do Porto); Sérgio Roberto Massagli (Universidade Federal de Fronteira Sul, Brasil); Sílvia Araújo (Universidade do Minho); Sílvia Melo-Pfeifer (Universidade de Hamburgo); Valérie Spaeth (Université de la Sorbonne Nouvelle). Comissão Científica: Abel Barros Baptista (Universidade Nova de Lisboa); Antónia Coutinho (Universidade de Nova de Lisboa); António Branco (Universidade de Lisboa); Ana Brito (Universidade do Porto); Augusto Soares da Silva (Universidade Católica Portuguesa); Bernard McGuirk (University of Nottingham); Clara Rocha (Universidade Nova de Lisboa); Conceição Paiva (Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro); Eduardo Paiva Raposo (University of California, Santa Barbara); Fátima Oliveira (Universidade do Porto); Fernando Cabo Aseguinolaza (Universidad de Santiago de Compostela); Graça Rio-Torto (Universidade de Coimbra); Helder Macedo (King’s College, London); Helena Buescu (Universidade de Lisboa); Ivo Castro (Universidade de Lisboa); João de Almeida Flor (Universidade de Lisboa); José Luís Cifuentes Honrubia (Universitat d’Alacant); José Luís Rodrigues (Universidade de Santiago de Compostela); Jürgen M. Meisel (Universität Hamburg / University of Calgary); Maria Alzira Seixo (Universidade de Lisboa); Maria Irene Ramalho (Universidade de Coimbra); Maria João Freitas (Universidade de Lisboa); Maria Manuela Gouveia Delille (Universidade de Coimbra); Mary Kato (Universidade de Campinas); Nancy Armstrong (Brown University); Rui Marques (Universidade de Lisboa); Susan Bassnett (University of Warwick); Susan Stanford Friedman (University of Wisconsin- Madison); Tomás Albaladejo Mayordomo (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid); Vita Fortunati (Università di Bologna); Vítor Aguiar e Silva (Universidade do Minho). Edição: Centro de Estudos Humanísticos da Universidade do Minho em colaboração com Edições Húmus – V.N. Famalicão. E-mail: [email protected] Publicação subsidiada por FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia ISSN: 0870-8967 Depósito Legal: 18084/87 Composição e impressão: Papelmunde – V. N. Famalicão ÍNDICE IMIGRAÇÃO, REFUGIADOS E AS HUMANIDADES: ABORDAGENS CRÍTICAS PARA NOVOS DESAFIOS 7 Sem título Didier Kassaï 9 Foreword Marie-Manuelle Silva & Fadi Skeiker 11 Aleppo, Calais, Lesbos, ou, por outras palavras, Ana Luísa Amaral 13 El contra-mapeo como práctica de resistencia: la experiencia migratoria contemporánea en The Mapping Journey Project Andrea Torrano 41 Condições da hospitalidade em “The displaced person” de Flannery O’Connor Lígia Bernardino 57 Migrations, political borders and the digital realm. Forms of (in)visibility and disruptive strategies in literary and artistic activism Paulo Silva Pereira 91 Viagem em tradução / Journeys in Translation Andreia Sarabando 111 Plus près de toi Jean-Claude Fournier & Kris 113 Re-conceiving Refugee Situations From a Development Perspective: Providing Durable Solutions for Refugees Through Development Midori Kaga 131 Fronteiras da Exclusão de Direitos: Há uma discriminação institucionalizada contra os estrangeiros? Diego Ramos Mileli 153 O papel das cidades no acolhimento de refugiados – estudo comparativo entre Berlim e Paris Bruno Ferreira Costa & Géssica Teles 183 Un maillot pour l’Algérie Bertrand Galic & Kris (scenario / argumento); Javi Rey (dessin / desenho) 185 Language for Integration, Language As Discipline? A Foucaultian Perspective on L2 Learning in the Context of Asylum Anne-Christel Zeiter 211 Naming displaced people: new patterns in media discourse? A discourse analysis of Le Monde and Le Figaro Laura Calabrese & Valériane Mistiaen 237 Bilinguismo infantil. Um legado valioso do fenómeno migratório Cristina Flores 251 O Colega de Sevilha Arlindo Fagundes VÁRIA 255 Orientalismo e crítica social em obras de Artur Azevedo e Eça de Queirós: o caso de dois O Mandarim José Carvalho Vanzelli & Antonio Augusto Nery RECENSÃO 275 Histórias Mal Contadas. Lafaia Abranches, Alexandra (2017). Isabel Ermida Imigração, Refugiados e as Humanidades: Abordagens críticas para novos desafios Immigration, refugees and the Humanities: Critical engagements with new challenges SEM TÍTULO Didier Kassaï Autor de bandas desenhadas, ilustrador, aquarelista e caricaturista autodi- data, Didier Kassaï nasceu em 1974 em Sibut, República Centro Africana. É conhecido pelas suas aquarelas, participação ativa no desenho de imprensa centro-africana e vasta produção em banda desenhada, nomeadamente as colaborações internacionais em África, Europa e Estados Unidos. Auteur de bande dessinée, illustrateur, aquarelliste et caricaturiste autodi- dacte, Didier Kassaï est né en 1974 à Sibut en Centrafrique. Il est connu pour ses aquarelles, son active implication dans le dessin de presse centra- fricain et sa vaste production de BD, notamment pour ses collaborations internationales en Afrique, en Europe et aux États-Unis. FOREWORD When we decided about a year ago to dedicate a full issue of Diacritica to the topic of refugees, the editorial team was hopeful that by the time of pub- lication we would be using the past tense for addressing the refugee chal- lenges in connection to Western societies; needless to say that our hope was not met with the difficult political and social situations of our current times. Millions of citizens around the world are still facing adversaries that push them to seek a shelter somewhere. Most Westerners are not conscious about the fact that most of the wars that drive global south citizens to migrate are initiated either by direct or indirect Western interferences. This lack of con- sciousness demands a more intervening action from Humanities. Generally speaking, there are two main discourses that surround the refugee crisis; the first one is what we call a ‘demonizing’ discourse and the second one is what we can describe as a ‘idealizing’ discourse. To contrast these two discourses in a short form of plain speaking we may say that the first one calls for refugees to go back to their homes, they are described as evil coming to the West to take advantage of its social and welfare services, they want to change Western values and to disturb the seemingly stable and peaceful Western societies. The latter discourse regards refugees as angels, they are saints who cannot do anything wrong. Both discourses generate narratives that fail to give a chance to refu- gees to voice their own thoughts and feelings. Refugees are perceived by two discourses as agentless individuals with blank identities. Thus, these two discourses want to color them with specific political views without even listening to refugees’ perspectives. These two narratives are blinded by Western privileges that allow to judge someone who runs for his live 10 MARIE-MANUELLE SILVA & FADI SKEIKER from a war that is caused, most of the times, by Western intervention. It is the same privilege that was boosted by Western countries colonizing global south countries not long time ago, exploiting their resources, and leaving them with artificial boarders that the colonizers draw with no regard to the colonized desires. The so-called ‘refugee crisis’ is caused by the West and is not a crisis that is just surfacing. Going beyond the concept of remediating dysfunctional phenomena of a well-defined system it means a huge demographic trans- formation with political and social implications. This transformation roots in the colonial history and the problematic relationship between the West and the global South. In this issue of Diacritica, we focus on Humanities. When we contextualize the ‘crisis’ within that intellectual framework, we can move on, and start a productive dialogue about the best theoretical perspectives and practical tools to deal with refugee challenges. It is the time to engage in conversations that connect refugees’ public narratives to the Humanities. Such an intellectual engagement will only further enrich the discussion that is already taking place behind the usual humanitarian and legal disciplines. The papers included in this issue of Diacritica converse with broad topics such as media, language, and literature and not forgetting to engage the actual refugee voices. In addition to the traditional academic papers, we decided also to add creative writings and cartoons