California Forest Insect and Disease Training Manual This document was created by US Forest Service, Region 5, Forest Health Protection and the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, Forest Pest Management forest health specialists. The following publications and references were used for guidance and supplemental text: Forest Insect and Disease Identification and Management (training manual). North Dakota Forest Service, US Forest Service, Region 1, Forest Health Protection, Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation and Idaho Department of Lands. Forest Insects and Diseases, Natural Resources Institute. US Forest Service, Region 6, Forest Health Protection. Forest Insect and Disease Leaflets. USDA Forest Service Furniss, R.L., and Carolin, V.M. 1977. Western forest insects. USDA Forest Service Miscellaneous Publication 1339. 654 p. Goheen, E.M. and E.A. Willhite. 2006. Field Guide to Common Disease and Insect Pests of Oregon and Washington Conifers. R6-NR-FID-PR-01-06. Portland, OR. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 327 p. M.L. Fairweather, McMillin, J., Rogers, T., Conklin, D. and B Fitzgibbon. 2006. Field Guide to Insects and Diseases of Arizona and New Mexico. USDA Forest Service. MB-R3-16-3. Pest Alerts. USDA Forest Service. Scharpf, R. F., tech coord. 1993. Diseases of Pacific Coast Conifers. USDA For. Serv. Ag. Hndbk. 521. 199 p.32, 58. Tree Notes Series. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection. Wood, D.L., T.W. Koerber, R.F. Scharpf and A.J. Storer, Pests of the Native California Conifers, California Natural History Series, University of California Press, 2003. Cover Photo: Don Owen. 1978. Yosemite Valley. California Forest Health Specialists US Forest Service, Forest Health Protection http://www.fs.usda.gov/main/r5/forest-grasslandhealth US Forest Service, Regional Office 1323 Club Drive, Vallejo, CA 94592; Phone: 5707-562-8921, FAX 707-562-9054 Sheri Smith, Regional Entomologist: [email protected]; Phone: 530-252-6667 Phil Cannon, Regional Pathologist: [email protected]; Phone 707-562-8913 Northeastern California Shared Service Area at the Lassen National Forest 2550 Riverside Drive, Susanville, CA 96130; Phone 530-257-2151, FAX 530-252-6428 Danny Cluck, Entomologist: [email protected]; Phone 530-252-6431 Bill Woodruff, Pathologist: [email protected]; Phone 530-252-6680 Northern California Shared Service Area at Shasta-Trinity National Forest 3644 Avtech Parkway, Redding, CA 96002; Phone 530-226-2436; FAX 530-226-2485 Cynthia Snyder, Entomologist: [email protected]; Phone 530-226-2437 South Sierra Shared Service Area at Stanislaus National Forest 19777 Greenley Road, Sonora, CA 95370; Phone 209-532-3671, FAX: 209-533-1890 Beverly Bulaon, Entomologist: [email protected]; Phone 209-532-3672 ext.323 Martin MacKenzie, Pathologist: [email protected]; Phone 209-532-3672 ext. 242 Southern California Shared Service Area at San Bernardino National Forest 602 S. Tippecanoe Avenue, San Bernardino, CA 92406; Phone 909-382-2600, FAX 909-383-5770 Andrea Hefty, Entomologist: [email protected]; Phone 909-382-2871 Stacy Hishinuma, Entomologist: [email protected]; Phone 909-382-2620 State & Private Forestry, Forest Health Monitoring and Aviation Management 1731 Research Park Drive, Davis, CA 95616; Phone 530-759-1748, FAX 530-756-4324 Jeff Moore, Aerial Survey Program Manager; [email protected]; Phone 530-759-1753 Jackie Pope, Natural Resource Specialist; [email protected]; Phone 530-759-1751 State of California, Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, Forest Pest Management, http://www.fire.ca.gov CALFIRE State Headquarters 1416 Ninth Street, PO Box 944246, Sacramento 94244; Phone 916-653-5123 Forest Pest Management, CA Dept. of Forestry and Fire Protection 2690 North State Street, Ukiah, CA 95482; Phone 707-462-5886 Chris Lee, Forest Health Specialist: [email protected] Forest Pest Management, CA Dept. of Forestry and Fire Protection P.O. Box 944246, Sacramento, CA 94244; Phone 916-653-9476 Tom Smith, Forest Health Specialist: [email protected] Forest Pest Management, CA Dept. of Forestry and Fire Protection 6105 Airport Road, Redding, CA 96002; Phone 916-201-7032 Curtis Ewing, Forest Health Specialist: [email protected] Forest Pest Management, CA Dept. of Forestry and Fire Protection 880 Los Osos CA 95402; Phone 805-550-8583 Kim Corella, (previously Camilli), Forest Health Specialist: [email protected] Table of Contents INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT What is a Pest? ......................................................................................... 1 Pest – Ecosystem Interactions ............................................................. 1 What is Integrated Pest Management? ................................................ 2 The IPM Approach in Forest Pest Management .................................. 3 Implementation of Integrated Pest Management ................................. 3 Steps of Diagnosis .................................................................................... 5 Causes of Tree Injury ........................................................................... 5 Primary Agents vs. Secondary Agents ................................................. 5 Complexes are Common ..................................................................... 6 What’s Wrong With My Trees? ............................................................ 6 Searching For Clues ............................................................................ 6 Look For Symptoms, Signs, and Context ............................................ 6 Look For Patterns ................................................................................ 6 Diagnosis Steps ................................................................................... 7 Resources ............................................................................................ 8 DISEASES Forest Tree Diseases ................................................................................ 9 Insect/Disease Interactions .................................................................. 9 Roles of Pathogens In Forest Ecosystems .......................................... 10 Mistletoes .................................................................................................. 13 True Mistletoes ..................................................................................... 14 Dwarf Mistletoes ................................................................................... 16 Root Diseases ........................................................................................... 25 Heterobasidion Root Disease .............................................................. 28 Armillaria Root Disease ....................................................................... 34 Black Stain Root Disease .................................................................... 36 Phytophthora cinnamomi Root Disease............................................... 40 Port-Orford Cedar Root Disease ......................................................... 41 Sudden Oak Death ................................................................................... 43 Rusts ........................................................................................................ 47 White Pine Blister Rust ........................................................................ 48 Western Gall Rust ................................................................................ 52 Tree Decays ............................................................................................. 53 Red Ring Rot ....................................................................................... 58 Rust-Red Stringy Rot (Indian Paint Fungus) ....................................... 60 Dry Pocket Rot (Pecky Rot) ................................................................. 62 Red-Brown Root & Butt Rot (Schweinitzii Root & Butt Rot, Velvet-Top or Cow Pie Fungus) ........................................................... 64 Brown Trunk Rot (Quinine Fungus) ..................................................... 66 Brown Cubical Rot (Sulfur Fungus) ..................................................... 68 Gray-Brown Sap Rot (Pouch Fungus) ................................................. 69 Canker Diseases ...................................................................................... 70 Cytospora Canker ............................................................................... 71 Atropellis Canker ................................................................................. 72 Douglas-fir Cankers ............................................................................ 73 Nectria Canker of Fir ........................................................................... 74 Madrone Canker .................................................................................. 75 Seiridium Canker (Cypress Canker) .................................................... 77 Diplodia Blight ...................................................................................... 78 Pitch Canker ........................................................................................ 80 Foliage Diseases ...................................................................................... 82 Elytroderma Disease ........................................................................... 83 Lophodermella Needle Cast ................................................................ 85 Red Band Needle