National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument Natural Resource Condition Assessment Natural Resource Report NPS/SCPN/NRR—2018/1837 ON THIS PAGE Desert globemallow. Photo Credit: NPS ON THE COVER A view of yellow sunflowers with Sunset Crater Volcano in the background. Photo Credit: NPS Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument Natural Resource Condition Assessment Natural Resource Report NPS/SCPN/NRR—2018/1837 Author Name(s) Lisa Baril1, Patricia Valentine-Darby1, Kimberly Struthers1, Paul Whitefield2 , Kirk Anderson3, Mark Brunson1 1Utah State University Department of Environment and Society Logan, Utah 2National Park Service Flagstaff Area National Monuments Flagstaff, Arizona 3Museum of Northern Arizona Flagstaff, Arizona Editing and Design Kimberly Struthers1 December 2018 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Fort Collins, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science office in Fort Collins, Colorado, publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics. These reports are of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Report Series is used to disseminate comprehensive information and analysis about natural resources and related topics concerning lands managed by the National Park Service. The series supports the advancement of science, informed decision-making, and the achievement of the National Park Service mission. The series also provides a forum for presenting more lengthy results that may not be accepted by publications with page limitations. All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner. This report received informal peer review, which was provided by subject-matter experts who were not directly involved in the collection, analysis, or reporting of the data. The level and extent of peer review was based on the importance of report content or its potentially controversial or precedent-setting nature. Views, statements, findings, conclusions, recommendations, and data in this report do not necessarily reflect views and policies of the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the U.S. Government. This report is available in digital format from the Natural Resource Condition Assessment Program website and the Natural Resource Publications Management website. If you have difficulty accessing information in this publication, particularly if using assistive technology, please email [email protected]. Please cite this publication as: Baril, L., P. L. Valentine-Darby, K. Struthers, P. Whitefield, K. Anderson, and M. Brunson. 2018. Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument: Natural resource condition assessment. Natural Resource Report NPS/ SCPN/NRR—2018/1837. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado. NPS 039/149831, December 2018 ii Contents Page Figures ................................................................................................................................................... vi Tables .................................................................................................................................................... x Appendices .................................................................................................................................................. xii Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................................... xiii Acknowledgements .....................................................................................................................................xiv Chapter 1. NRCA Background Information ................................................................................................. 1 Chapter 2. Introduction and Resource Setting ............................................................................................ 4 2.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ 4 2.1.1. Enabling Legislation/Executive Orders ............................................................................................................................ 4 2.1.2. Geographic Setting ....................................................................................................................................................... 5 2.1.3. Visitation Statistics ........................................................................................................................................................ 6 2.2. Natural Resources ............................................................................................................................................... 6 2.2.1. Ecological Units, Watersheds, and NPScape Landscape-scale ......................................................................................... 6 2.2.2. Resource Descriptions ................................................................................................................................................... 9 2.2.3. Resource Issues Overview ........................................................................................................................................... 11 2.3. Resource Stewardship ...................................................................................................................................... 12 2.3.1. Management Directives and Planning Guidance .......................................................................................................... 12 2.3.2. Status of Supporting Science ...................................................................................................................................... 14 Chapter 3. Study Scoping and Design ....................................................................................................... 15 3.1. Preliminary Scoping ......................................................................................................................................... 15 3.2. Study Design ..................................................................................................................................................... 16 3.2.1. Indicator Framework, Focal Study Resources and Indicators ......................................................................................... 16 3.2.2. Reporting Areas .......................................................................................................................................................... 17 3.2.3. General Approach and Methods ................................................................................................................................. 17 Chapter 4. Natural Resource Conditions ................................................................................................... 21 4.1. Viewshed ........................................................................................................................................................... 22 4.1.1. Background and Importance ....................................................................................................................................... 22 4.1.2. Data and Methods ...................................................................................................................................................... 23 4.1.3. Reference Conditions .................................................................................................................................................. 29 4.1.4. Condition and Trend ................................................................................................................................................... 29 4.1.5. Sources of Expertise .................................................................................................................................................... 37 4.2. Night Sky ........................................................................................................................................................... 38 4.2.1. Background and Importance ....................................................................................................................................... 38 4.2.2. Data and Methods ...................................................................................................................................................... 39 4.2.3. Reference Conditions .................................................................................................................................................. 41 4.2.4. Condition and Trend ................................................................................................................................................... 44 4.2.5. Sources of Expertise ...................................................................................................................................................