Notes Introduction 1. J. S. Birks and C. A. Sinclair, “Preparations for Income after Oil: Bahrain’s Example,” British Society For Middle East Studies 6, no. 1 (1979): 39. 2. Rosemarie Said Zahlan, The Making of the Modern Gulf States (London: Ithaca Press, 1998), 14–15. 3. David Roberts, “The Consequences of the Exclusive Treaties: A British View,” in The Arab Gulf and the West, ed.B.R.Pridham (New York: St. Martin, 1985), 6–7. 4. James Onley, The Arabian Frontier of the British Raj (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 128. 5. Roberts, “Consequences of the Exclusive Treaties,” 16. 6. Simon C. Smith, Britain’s Revival and Fall in the Gulf (Oxford: RoutledgeCurzon, 2004), 3. 7. Ibid., 13. 8. Rosemarie Said Zahlan, The Making of the Modern Gulf States (London: Ithaca Press, 1998), 63–64. 9. Mary Bruins Allison, Doctor Mary in Arabia (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1994). 10. J. S. Birks and C. A. Sinclair, “Preparations for Income after Oil,” 41. 11. Mahdi Abdalla Al-Tajir, Bahrain 1920–1945: Britain, the Shaikh, and the Administration (London: Croom Helm, 1987), 137. 12. Mossaed to Chamberlain, letter, London, November 26, 1927, CO 732/25/1 325039, The National Archives, Kew. (Hereafter, called TNA.) 13. Foreign Office to Minister Mossaed, draft letter, London, Jan- uary 1928, CO 732/25/1 325039, TNA. 14. J. B. Kelly, Arabia, the Gulf, and the West (New York: Basic Books, 1980), 181. 15. Foreign Office to Minister Mossaed, draft letter, London, Jan- uary 1928, CO 732/25/1 325039, TNA. 130 Notes Chapter 1 1. Report on the Trade of the Bahrein Island for the year end- ing March 31, 1926, CO 732/25/1 325039, The National Archives, Kew, England (hereafter called TNA). 2. Air Ministry to Under Secretary of State, letter, London, Decem- ber 28, 1927, CO 132/25/1 325039, TNA. 3. Viceroy to Secretary of State for India, telegram 1657, May 12, 1929, CO 732/3911, TNA. 4. Angela Clarke, Bahrain: Oil and Development, 1929–1989 (London: Immel, 1991), 130. 5. Joseph Twinam, The Gulf, Cooperation, and the Council (Washington, DC: Middle East Policy Council, 1992), 76–78. 6. Note on Negotiations, Agreement signed on June 12, 1930, CO 732/62118 325039, TNA. 7. John Bulloch, The Gulf (London: Century, 1984), 74. 8. Viceroy to Secretary of State for India, paraphrase telegram 1657, May 12, 1929, CO 732/39/1, TNA. 9. Michael A. Palmer, Guardians of the Gulf (New York: The Free Press, 1992), 18. 10. Mahdi Abdalla Al-Tajir, Bahrain 1920–1945: Britain, the Shaikh, and the Administration (London: Croom Helm, 1987), 170. 11. R. B. Serjeant, “Customary Irrigation Law Among the Baharnah of Al-Bahrayn,” in Bahrain through the Ages: The History, ed. Shaikh Abdullah bin Khalifa and Michael Rice (London: Kegan, 1993), 471–472. 12. Ibid., 78–79. 13. Note on Major Holmes’s period of residence in Bahrain, Colonial Office, 1933, CO 732/62/18 325039, TNA. 14. Rendel to Blaxter, letter, London, June 7, 1933, CO 732162118 325039, TNA. 15. J. B. Kelly, Arabia, the Gulf, and the West (New York: Basic Books, 1980), 180. 16. Clarke, Bahrain. 17. John Bulloch, The Persian Gulf Unveiled (New York: Congdon & Weed, 1984), 140. 18. J. S. Birks and C. A. Sinclair, “Preparations for Income after Oil: Bahrain’s Example,” British Society for Middle East Studies 6, no. 1 (1979): 42–43. 19. Air Ministry to Colonial Office, letter, London, November 28, 1927, CO /32/25/1 325039, TNA. Notes 131 20. Loch to Political Resident, letter, Bahrain, January 21, 1934, ADM 116/3034, TNA. 21. Loch to Political Resident, letter, Bahrain, February 17, 1934, ADM 116/3034, TNA. 22. Political Resident to Secretary of State for India, telegram 1183, Bushire, February 22, 1934, ADM 116/3034, TNA. 23. Laithwaite to Political Resident, letter, London, May 22, 1934, ADM 116/3034, TNA. 24. Shaikh Hamad to Fowle, letter, Bahrain, June 17, 1934, ADM 116/3034, TNA. 25. Bulloch, The Persian Gulf Unveiled, 83–84. 26. Andrew Wheatcroft, The Life and Times of Shaikh Salman Bin Hamad Al-Khalifa: Ruler of Bahrain 1942–1961 (London: Kegan Paul, 1995), 158. 27. Baxter to Donaldson, London, December 14, 1945, FO 371/45180, TNA. 28. Extract from Residency Dispatch, D.O. No. 343-S, Bahrain, May 25, 1941, FO 371/120573 325244, TNA. 29. Bailey to Secretary of State, letter, Dhahran, December 18, 1946, Division of Near East Affairs, National Archives, College Park Maryland (hereafter called NA). 30. Bailey to Secretary of State, letter, Dhahran, February 11, 1947, Division of Near East Affairs, NA. 31. Meloy to Secretary of State, letter, Dhahran, May 29, 1948, Division of Near East Affairs, NA. 32. Hay to Foreign Office, letter, Bahrain, December 27, 1947, Division of Near East Affairs, NA. 33. Bahrain Intelligence Summary, December 1–15, 1947, ADM 1/21084, TNA. 34. Charles Belgrave, Personal Column (London: Hutchinson, 1960), 148. 35. Ibid., 150. 36. Meloy to State Department, Dispatch 48, Dhahran, May 29, 1948, Division of Near East Affairs, NA. 37. Norman Stillman, The Jews of Arab Lands in Modern Times (Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society, 1991) 469. 38. Ibid., 469. 39. Henderson to Secretary of State, telegram 177, Dhahran, December 15, 1947, Division of Near East Affairs, NA. 40. Childs to Secretary of State, telegram 578, Jidda, December 20, 1947, Division of Near East Affairs, NA. 132 Notes 41. Lovett to London, telegram 5371, Washington, DC, Decem- ber 29, 1947, Division of Near East Affairs, NA. 42. Gallman to State Department, telegram 12, London, January 2, 1948, Division of Near East Affairs, NA. 43. Marshall to London, telegram 35, Washington, DC, January 6, 1948, Division of Near East Affairs, NA. 44. Marcus to State Department, telegram, New York, January 10, 1948, Division of Near East Affairs NA. 45. Henderson to State Department, telegram 76, Dhahran, April 3, 1948, Division of Near East Affairs, NA. 46. Meloy to State Department, telegram 40, Dhahran, May 15, 1948, Division of Near East Affairs-DEF, NA. 47. Meloy to Secretary of State, letter, Dhahran, May 29, 1948, Division of Near East Affairs, NA. 48. Wiley to State Department, airgram 135, Tehran, June 18, 1948, Division of Near East Affairs, NA. 49. Wiley to State Department, telegram 1004, Tehran, August 27, 1948, Division of Near East Affairs, NA. 50. British Embassy to State Department, telegram, Washington, DC, August 27, 1948, Division of Near East Affairs, NA. 51. Palmer, Guardians of the Gulf, 48. 52. Wright to Hay, letter, London, November 8, 1948, FO 371/68360, TNA. 53. Burrows to Wright, letter, Bahrain, October 16, 1948, E14291, TNA. 54. Hay to Burrows, letter, Bahrain, December 9, 1948, FO 371/68319, TNA. 55. Melroy to State Department, letter, Dhahran, March 16, 1949, 846b.6363, LABOR, NA. 56. Residency to Burrows, letter, Bahrain, June 6, 1949, FO 371/74937, p. 1, TNA. 57. Ibid., 3. 58. Bahrain Intelligence Summary for October 1–15, 1949, p. 1, FO 371/744938, TNA. 59. Ibid., 2. 60. Bahrain Intelligence Summary for April 16–30, 1949, FO 371/74937, p. 1, TNA. 61. Ibid., 4. 62. Residency to Burrows, letter, Bahrain, June 6, 1949, FO 371/74937, p. 2, TNA. 63. Residency to Burrows, letter, Bahrain, December 2, 1949, FO371/74938, p. 5, TNA. Notes 133 64. Troutbeck to Burrows, letter, Cairo, April 8, 1948, FO 371/683129, TNA. 65. Pelly to Political Resident, Bahrain, September 13, 1948, FO 371/68360, TNA. 66. Burrows to Dodds, letter, November 8, 1948, FO 371/68360, TNA. 67. Hay to Foreign Office, telegram 254, November 19, 1948, Bahrain, FO 371/68360, TNA. 68. Burrows to Dodds, letter, November 8, 1948, FO 371/68360, TNA. 69. Residency to Burrows, letter, Bahrain, December 2, 1949, p. 2, FO371/74938, TNA. 70. Persian Gulf Residency to Burrows, letter, Bahrain, July 5, 1949, FCO 371/74937 324219, TNA. Chapter 2 1. Miriam Joyce, “The Bahraini Three on St. Helena, 1956–1961,” Middle East Journal 4 (Fall 2000): 613–614. 2. Bernard Burrows, Footnotes in the Sand (Great Britain: Michael Russell, 1990), 66. 3. Belgrave to Freddie, letter, Bahrain, March 8, 1956, FO 371/120545, The National Archives, Kew, England (hereafter called TNA). 4. D. M. H. Riches, memorandum, April 16, 1956, FO 371/120545, TNA. 5. Shuckburgh to Burrows, letter, London, May 18, 1956, FO 371/120573 325244, TNA. 6. Riches, memorandum, London, June 9, 1956, FO 371/120573 325244, TNA. 7. Gault to Riches, letter, Bahrain, June 30, 1956, FO 371/120573 325244, TNA. 8. Gault to Riches, letter, Bahrain, July 9, 1956, FO 371/120573 325244, TNA. 9. Gault to Foreign Office, telegram 689, Bahrain, FO 371/120573 325244, TNA. 10. Gault to Foreign Office, telegram 651, Bahrain, July 24, 1956, FO 371/120548, TNA. 11. Burrows to Riches, letter, Bahrain, August 20, 1956, FO 371/120573 325244, TNA. 12. Moberly, memorandum, London, August 28, 1956, FO 371/120573 325244, TNA. 134 Notes 13. Stevens to Foreign Office, telegram 296, Tehran, April 8, 1956, FO 371/120595 C324357, TNA. The Baghdad Pact was an anti-Soviet security agreement signed in 1955 by Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, and Britain. 14. Brief for Tehran and Ankara, London February 24, 1956, FO 371/120595 C324357, TNA. 15. Foreign Office to Tehran, telegram 402, London, April 10, 1956, FO 371/120595 C324357, TNA. 16. Stevens to Riches, letter, Tehran, April 10, 1956, FO 372/120595 C324357, TNA. 17. Stevens to Riches, letter, Tehran, May 1, 1956, FO 371/120595 C324357, TNA. 18. Stevens to Riches, letter, Tehran, August 13, 1956, FO 371/120595 C324357, TNA. 19. Husain M. Albaharna, The Arabian Gulf States (Manchester: University of Manchester, 1975), 189–190.