CONNECTIVES IN IGBO: A SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS OF CONNECTIVES IN THE STANDARD IGBO AND THE NSUKKA DIALECT A minor dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Arts in Linguistics HENRIETTA CHIMTO IFYEDE (IFYHEN001) Faculty of Humanities University of Cape Town 2019 COMPULSORY DECLARATION ThisUniversity work has not been previously submittedof Cape in whole, or in part, Town for the award of any degree. It is my own work. Each significant contribution to, and quotation in, this dissertation from the work, or works, of other people has been attributed, and has been cited and referenced. Signature: Henrietta C. Ifyede Date: 25/07/2019 1 The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University of Cape Town Table of Contents ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................... 5 DEDICATION ..................................................................................................................................6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................................7 Chapter One .......................................................................................................................... 8 1.1. Preliminary Remarks .............................................................................................................8 1.2. General Introduction ..............................................................................................................8 1.2.0. Background To The Study ...................................................................................................8 1.2.1. Connectives ............................................................................................................................................... 9 1.3. A Brief History of the Igbo People ...................................................................................... 10 1.3.1. The Language and Its Location.......................................................................................................... 12 1.3.2. Niger-Congo Phylum ........................................................................................................................... 17 1.3.3. Benue-Congo Languages..................................................................................................................... 18 1.3.4. Some Similarities Shared in the Niger-Congo Language Phylum (Williamson 1971, 1989) ......... 19 1.3.5. Linguistic Classification of Igbo ......................................................................................................... 21 1.3.6. An Overview of the Nsukka Dialect and Nsukka People .................................................................... 21 1.4. Aim and Objectives ............................................................................................................ 22 1.5. Research Questions............................................................................................................ 22 1.6. Scope of Study .................................................................................................................... 23 1.6.1. Significance of Study ............................................................................................................................ 23 1.7. Research Methodology ......................................................................................................... 23 1.8. Methods of Data Collection................................................................................................ 24 1.9. Theoretical Framework ...................................................................................................... 24 Chapter Two: Literature Review .......................................................................................... 25 2.0. Preliminary Remarks ......................................................................................................... 25 2.1. Standard Igbo Orthography ............................................................................................... 25 2.1.2. On Standardisation: where Igbo falls ................................................................................................. 29 2.1.3. Dialect and Language ............................................................................................................................ 33 2.2. Typology of Connectives ..................................................................................................... 34 2.2.1. Coordination and Subordination .......................................................................................................... 34 2.2.2. Coordination .......................................................................................................................................... 34 2.2.3. Semantic Role of Conjunctions ............................................................................................................. 38 2 2.2.4. Subordination ...................................................................................................................................... 40 2.2.5. Subordinators ...................................................................................................................................... 41 Conjuncts ................................................................................................................................... 42 2.3.1. Conjuncts as Correlatives ..................................................................................................................... 46 Table 4. Other examples of Correlating Conjuncts ..................................................................... 47 2.4. Sentence Connection............................................................................................................ 47 2.4.1. Time Relaters: .......................................................................................................................................... 47 2.4.2. Place Relaters: ....................................................................................................................................... 48 2.5. Logical Connectors: ............................................................................................................. 49 2.5.0. Enumeration: .......................................................................................................................................... 49 2.5.1. Addition: .................................................................................................................................................. 50 2.5.2. Transition: .............................................................................................................................................. 51 2.5.2. Summation: ............................................................................................................................................. 51 2.5.3. Apposition: .............................................................................................................................................. 52 2.5.4. Result: ...................................................................................................................................................... 52 2.5.5. Inference: ................................................................................................................................................. 52 2.5.6. Replacement: ........................................................................................................................................... 53 2.5.8. Concession: .............................................................................................................................................. 53 2.5.9. Substitution: ............................................................................................................................................ 54 2.6. Discourse Reference: ............................................................................................................ 54 2.7. Comparison ......................................................................................................................... 56 2.8. Ellipsis .................................................................................................................................. 56 2.9.0. Structural Parallelism ........................................................................................................................... 58 2.9.1 Connectives in Gokana and Kana .......................................................................................................... 59 2.9.2. Grammatical Categories in Igbo .......................................................................................................... 61 2.9.3. Summary of Literature Review ............................................................................................................. 61 3.0. Preliminary Remarks ........................................................................................................... 62 3.1. Introduction: