BEYOND ENERGY: THE INTEGRATION OF ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE TO SUPPORT COMMUNITY GOALS A thesis submitted to the: Graduate School of the University of Cincinnati In Partial Complettion of the Requirements for the degree of: Master of Architecture In The School of Architecture and Interior Design Of The College of Design, Architecture, Art, and Planning June 2011 by Andrew J. Ellis B.S. Arch. University of Cincinnati, 2009 Committee Chairs: George Thomas Bible, MCiv.Eng Michael McInturf, MARCH ABSTRACT Rising energy costs and concerns over human impact on the environment will likely cause changes to America’s energy infrastructure. Distributed generation methods, including combined heat and power (CHP) plants, are a likely to be key components of these infrastructure changes. Distributed generation shifts the major generation facilities closer to the energy users rather than relying on large power plants that are located out of sight and far from users. The close proximity that is created between energy generation equipment and the equipment’s users due to distributed generation systems provides power plants with new opportunities to go beyond simply meeting a community’s energy needs to contribute to a community’s goals and represent its values through its planning and design. This thesis will show planning and design strategies that show how the integration of a distributed energy system, including power plants, into a community can be used to address that community’s energy needs and its core, non-energy related goals. This thesis will address strategies and goals related to three community scales: the regional or national scale, the local community scale, and the building community scale. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT I 3.4 IMPRINT ON PERCEPTION OR KNOWLEDGE 68 3.4.1 STAGING SCENERY 68 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND ILLUSTRATION CREDITS IV 3.4.2 COMMUNITY HUB - PROGRAM AMALGAMATION 68 3.4.3 TECHNOLOGICAL SNAP-SHOT 72 BEYOND ENERGY INTRODUCTION 02 3.4.4 DISPALY-TRANSPARENCY-INTERMIXING 72 3.4.5 ARCHITECTURE AS PEDAGOGY 72 CHAPTER ONE A CASE FOR NEW POWER PLANTS 06 CONCLUSION 78 1.1 INCREASING ENERGY DEMAND 06 1.1.1 PROJECTED ENERGY DEMAND 08 BIBLIOGRAPHY 80 1.1.2 SHIFT TO ELECTRIC VEHICLES 08 1.2 WHY CONVENTIONAL POWER PLANTS ARE STILL NEEDED 10 1.2.1 PROJECTED ENERGY DEMAND EQUIVALENTS 12 1.2.2 CAPABILITY AND CHALLENGES TO RENEWALBE ENERGY SOURCES 14 1.2.4 UPGRADE AND REPLACEMENT OF EXISTING CAPACITY 14 CHAPTER TWO ACHIEVING A COMMUNITY’S ENERGY GOALS 18 2.1 REGIONAL COMMUNITY AND GRID-SCALE TECHNOLOGY 19 2.1.1 REGIONAL COMMUNITY GOALS 19 2.1.2 DISTRIBUTED GENERATION GRID 21 2.2 LOCAL COMMUNITY AND DISTRICT ENGERY TECHNOLOGY 27 2.2.1 LOCAL COMMUNITY GOALS 27 2.2.2 ENERGY DISTRICT TECHNOLOGIES 31 2.3. BUILDING COMMUNITY AND BUILDING INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGY 40 2.3.1 TECHNICAL GOALS 40 2.3.2 BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES 40 CHAPTER THREE COMMUNITY IMPRINT - BEYOND ENERGY AND ECONOMICS 42 3.1 MINIMIZE VISUAL IMPACT 43 3.1.1 HIDING 43 3.1.2 CAMOUFLAGE 46 3.2 COMMUNITY SYMBOL (PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPRINT) 50 3.2.1 MEANS OF LOCAL IDENTITY 50 3.2.2 GATEWAY OR LANDMARK 56 3.3 PHYSICAL IMPRINT 60 3.3.1 PROGRAM GRAFTING 60 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND CREDITS figure 1. increase in energy consumption by fuel type to 2035 figure 21. Central Utility Plant. University of Cincinnati, Ohio. by author by author figure 2. generation capacity by fuel type to 2035 figure 22. interstate highway signs for Ohio and Kentucky by author http://www.flickr.com/photos/28042007@N07/4446189632/ by Bruce Leibowitz figure 3. energy demand equivalents for projected energy demand increases by 2035 figure 23. Bornholm bus station, The Netherlands by author Shannon, Kelly, and Marcel Smets. The Landscape of Contemporary Infrastructure. Rotterdam: NAi, 2010. p.25 figure 4. centralized generation grid simplified diagram figure 24. Florence water tower, Kentucky. by author http://tackytraveller.blogspot.com/2010/03/florence-yall.html figure 5. current energy grid system overview diagram figure 25. Norreport Station. Copenhagen, Denmark. by author by author figure 6. distributed energy system simplified diagram figure 26. Gaffney water tower, South Carolina. by author http://www.geetarz.org/blog/ figure 7. distributed energy system diagram figure 27. highway sound barrier. Los Angeles, California. by author by author figure 8. centralized, energy district, distributed energy systems simplified diagrams figure 28. Siem Reap-Angkor International Airport, Cambodia. by author Shannon, Kelly, and Marcel Smets. The Landscape of Contemporary Infrastructure. Rotterdam: NAi, 2010. p.38 figure 9. district energy/CHP system simplified diagram figure 29. Denver International Airport, Colorado. by author Shannon, Kelly, and Marcel Smets. The Landscape of Contemporary Infrastructure. Rotterdam: NAi, 2010. p.41 figure 10. CHP system diagram figure 30. Roombeek power plant, The Netherlands. by author http://www.arch-times.com/tag/hugo-kaagman/ figure 11. Jardins Wilson project. Paris, France. figure 31. Manassas water tower, Virginia. Shannon, Kelly, and Marcel Smets. The Landscape of Contemporary Infrastructure. http://www.eber.se Rotterdam: NAi, 2010. p.61 figure 12. Google headquarters. Mountain View, California figure 32. metro system enterance. Bilbao, Spain. Shannon, Kelly, and Marcel Smets. The Landscape of Contemporary Infrastructure. Shannon, Kelly, and Marcel Smets. The Landscape of Contemporary Infrastructure. Rotterdam: NAi, 2010. p.67 Rotterdam: NAi, 2010. p.29 figure 13. Kastrup Peak-Load Plant. Copenhagen, Denmark. figure 33. Warren County water tower, Kentucky http://www.gottliebpaludan.com http://www.ohiobarns.com/othersites/watertowers/ky/17-114flag.html figure 14. Greenpoint-Williamsburg Power Plant proposal. New York, New York. figure 34. Los Angeles International Airport entrance, California. http://www.transgasenergysystems.com Shannon, Kelly, and Marcel Smets. The Landscape of Contemporary Infrastructure. Rotterdam: NAi, 2010. p.37 figure 15. Ballet Valet parking garage. Miami, Florida. figure 35. Rijeka Memorial Bridge, Croatia. Shannon, Kelly, and Marcel Smets. The Landscape of Contemporary Infrastructure. Shannon, Kelly, and Marcel Smets. The Landscape of Contemporary Infrastructure. Rotterdam: NAi, 2010. p.79 Rotterdam: NAi, 2010. p.145 figure 16. Henderson-Atwater parking garage. Indiana University. Bloomington, Indiana. figure 36. University of Pennsylvania chiller plant. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. by author http://www.lwa-architects.com/ figure 17. Thorpeness water tower. Suffolk, England. figure 37. Aruse River bridge, Switzerland. by author Shannon, Kelly, and Marcel Smets. The Landscape of Contemporary Infrastructure. Rotterdam: NAi, 2010. p.140 figure 18. Mannheim water tower. Mannheim, Germany. figure 38. University of Pennsylvania chiller plant. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. http://www.eber.se http://www.lwa-architects.com/ figure 19. Louisville water tower. Louisville, Kentucky. figure 39. city beacon for Le Courneuve, France. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Louisville_water_tower.jpg Shannon, Kelly, and Marcel Smets. The Landscape of Contemporary Infrastructure. Rotterdam: NAi, 2010. p.141 figure 20. Mechanical Laboratory and Power House. Rice University. Houston, Texas. figure 40. Kuwait City water towers, Kuwait. http://maps.google.com by Jane Puthaaroon http://www.flickr.com/photos/lexrex/401699042/ by radiant guy LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND CREDITS figure 41. Interchange Park. Barcelona, Spain. figure 60. Craigieburn Bypass. Melbourne, Australia. Shannon, Kelly, and Marcel Smets. The Landscape of Contemporary Infrastructure. Shannon, Kelly, and Marcel Smets. The Landscape of Contemporary Infrastructure. Rotterdam: NAi, 2010. p.80 Rotterdam: NAi, 2010. p.148 figure 42. highway control for the Nanterre A4. Paris, France. figure 61. Dortmund Train Station, Germany. Shannon, Kelly, and Marcel Smets. The Landscape of Contemporary Infrastructure. Shannon, Kelly, and Marcel Smets. The Landscape of Contemporary Infrastructure. Rotterdam: NAi, 2010. p.96 Rotterdam: NAi, 2010. p.202 figure 43. Kyoto Station, Japan. figure 62. Dortmund Station, Germany. Shannon, Kelly, and Marcel Smets. The Landscape of Contemporary Infrastructure. Shannon, Kelly, and Marcel Smets. The Landscape of Contemporary Infrastructure. Rotterdam: NAi, 2010. p.209 Rotterdam: NAi, 2010. p.202 figure 44. Val-de-Seine tramway parking garage. Issy-les-Moulineaux, France. figure 63. Berlin Central Station, Germany. Shannon, Kelly, and Marcel Smets. The Landscape of Contemporary Infrastructure. Shannon, Kelly, and Marcel Smets. The Landscape of Contemporary Infrastructure. Rotterdam: NAi, 2010. p.75 Rotterdam: NAi, 2010. p.229 figure 45. Val-de-Seine tramway parking garage. Issy-les-Moulineaux, France. figure 64. footbridge. Paris, France. Shannon, Kelly, and Marcel Smets. The Landscape of Contemporary Infrastructure. Shannon, Kelly, and Marcel Smets. The Landscape of Contemporary Infrastructure. Rotterdam: NAi, 2010. p.75 Rotterdam: NAi, 2010. p.170 figure 46. Teesside Biomass Power Plant, United Kingdom. figure 65. greenhouse, transit station, power plant colage. http://www.heatherwick.com/teesside-power-station/ colage by author from various sources. figure 47. Teesside Biomass Power Plant, United Kingdom. figure 66. Greenpoint-Williamsburg power plant proposal. New York, New York. http://www.heatherwick.com/teesside-power-station/ http://www.transgasenergysystems.com/ figure 48. L’illustration newspaper water tower. Paris, France. figure 67. Central Heating Plant. University of Northern British Columbia,